Immunology

immune system

primary function is to eliminate infectious agent without attacking the body’s tissues

recognition phase

innate immune receptors bind to common molecular motifs on pathogens or antibodies that are bound to the invader

immune system

primary function is to eliminate infectious agent without attacking the body’s tissues

recognition phase

innate immune receptors bind to common molecular motifs on pathogens or antibodies that are bound to the invader

amplification phase

involves complement cascade, the production of soluble factors and the recruitment of an army of cells in the case of innate immunity

in adaptive immunity requires proliferation of lymphocytes

effector phase

results in the removal of antigens by several different mechanisms

termination phase

dampens the immune system after the antigen has been cleared

critical for the prevention of excessive responses

memory phase

involves the generation of long lived T and B lymphocytes

cells of the innate immune system

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells

cells of the adaptive immune system

B and T cells, or lymphocytes

neutrophils

predominant leukocytes of blood originating from bone marrow

number rises dramatically during the times of infection/inflammation

monocytes

long living cells originating from bone marrow

in response to inflammation/infection

mature into macrophages

macrophages

filter debris and kill any damaged but not dead bacteria

destroy aged red blood cells and dead neutrophils

after ingestion of bacteria, they create an antigen fragment

eosinophils

leukocytes derived from bone marrow

involved in allergic response and parasite infection

Basophils and mast cells

granulocytes

involved in allergic response

involved in wound healing/defense against pathogens

erythrocytes

red blood cells

movement and removal of antigens, antibodies, and are involved in the complement system

thrombocytes

aka platelets

clotting

B-Lymphocytes

produces antibodies in reaction to antigens

T-Lymphocytes

produced in bone marrow but mature in thymus

natural killer cells

kill cells infected with viruses, other intracellular microbe infected cells, and tumor cells

release cytotoxic granules and secrete cytokines

dendritic cells

capture protein antigens and present them to T cells

found in areas exposed to the external environment

antigens

substance that threaten your body

antibodies

identify and neutralize foreign objects

IgM

produced and expressed on the surface of a B cell

most efficient at activating the compliment system

predominant in primary immune response

IgG

major antibacterial and antiviral antibody in the blood

secondary immune response conferring long term immunity

function of immunoglobins

directly attack antigens

activate the complement system

activate anaphylaxis by releasing histamine

stimulate antibody-mediated hypersensitivity

Major histocompatibility class I

molecules that are present on most nucleated cells

endogenous antigens are broken down into the cytoplasm (inside the cell)

major histocompatibility class II

bind fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized from outside the cell

innate immunity

capable of resolving most threats

comprised of early host defense mechanisms

external defenses

physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that protect against invaders

internal defenses

soluble factors and cellular components

complement system

initiated by bacteria or antibody-antigen connection

triggers chain of chemical reactions

adaptive immune response

cell-mediated (T-cell immunity)

humoral (B-cell immunity)