reactions and equillibrium affects

how does temperature affect rate of reaction

temperature is a measurement of the kinetic energy of the particles when temperature increases particles gain kinetic energy and move faster. this results in more frequent collisions and more particles have enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier meaning more frequent successful collisions

what is the effect of concentration on equilibrium

if we increase reactants equilibrium will favour the forwards reaction in order to use up the extra reactants. if we increase products equilibrium will favour the reverse reaction to use up the extra products. the opposite will apply for a decrease in concentration.

what effect of changing pressure/ volume does it have on equilibrium

increase in pressure will favour the reaction that produces the lease number of gas moles. decrease in pressure will favour the reaction that produces the greatest amount of gas moles. pressure increases if the volume of the reaction container and vise versa.

what is the effect of a catalyst on equilibrium

a catalyst has no effect on equilibrium position. the catalyst will speed up both the forwards and backwards reaction this means the reaction reaches equilibrium faster but equilibrium position and Kc stays the same.

Kc and changes to equilibrium

equilibrium constant Kc is unchanged by changes in concentration, pressure, or a catalyst. the only factor that will change Kc is temperature.

what is the effect of temperature on equilibrium

increase in temperature will favour the the endothermic reaction (positive delta H - heat absorbed) in order to use up the heat energy. decrease in temperature will favour the exothermic reaction (negative delta h heat released) to produce more heat energy.

Alkene → Alcohol

addition reaction using H₂O/H⁺

Alkene → Alkane

addition reaction using H⁺/Pt/Ni catalyst

Alkene → polymer

addition reaction using high heat/ pressure/ or catalyst

Alkene → Haloalkane

addition reaction using HBr/HCl

Alkene → Dihaloalkane

addition reaction using Br₂/Cl₂

Alkene → diol

oxidation reaction using KMnO₄/H⁺

alkane → haloalkane

substitution reaction using Br₂ or Cl₂ UV light

Haloalkane → Amine

substitution reaction using concentrated NH₃(alc) /heat

Haloalkane → alcohol

substitution reaction using KOH (alc)

Alcohol → haloalkane

substitution reaction using PCl₃/PCl₅/SOCl₂

haloalkane → alkene

elimination reaction using KOH (alc) heat

alcohol → alkene

elimination reaction using concentrated H₂SO₄

alcohol → carboxylic acid

oxidation reaction using MnO₄^-/H⁺ or Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺ heat

effect of a catalyst on ROR

increases rate of reaction by providing an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy. this means that more particles will have enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier, resulting in increased frequency of successful collisions

effect of conc on ROR

the number of particles within a given volume. increasing concentration means more particles, which means more frequent successful collisions and rate of reaction will increase.

effect of surface area on ROR

decreasing particle size will increase surface area. increasing surface area means more particles are exposed and available from collisions. therefore more frequent successful collision and rate of reaction increases.