Biology

peptide

covalent

peptide chain , structure

primary

genes of prokaryote where

nucleotid

genes ofeukaryote where

nucleus

denaturation

2 strands sperating

renature

recover native form

mrna in

cytoplasm

DNA pokaryotes

cytoplasm

RNA in prokaryotes

cytoplasm

rRNA in eukaryote

nucleus

tRNA in eukaryote

cytoplasm

golgi apparatus found in ——- euk/prok

most eukaryotes

proteins used with in cytosol , synthesized in

by free ribosomes

golgi apparatus function

processes

sorts

ships

cells products

secretion

discharge of molecules thats synthesized by a cell

phagocytosis

endocytosis

large particulate molecules

Pinocytosis is:

endocytosis

dissolved in extracellular fluid

Proteins to be secreted are synthesized:

by ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum

process in cytosol

glycolysis

process mitochondrial matrix

krebs cycle

krebs cycle

complete oxidation of organic molecules

interphase chromo consist of

singled DNA bound to proteins

metaphase chromo consist of

sister chromatids

primay constriction

centromere

secondary constriction of chromo carry

rRNA

major role in chromatin condensation

chromatin proteins

in DNA replication substrates are

nucleotides

how long dna strands in replication synthesized for

continuously

lagging strand during replication is synthesized as what

fragments

what acts as the substrates in dna replication

nucleotides

replication and transcription take place

DNA template

oxidative phosphorylation

production of ATP using energy from redox reaction of respiration chain

fats and proteins is good for the cell because

converted for Intermediates for Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

cells commonly polynucleated

skeletal muscle fibers

cells commonly no nucleus

erthrocytes

during mitosis what specific happens

synthetic processes stop

DNA replication is an energy dependent process. The energy is derived from:

macroergic bonds

Transcription proces what happen

RNA is synthesized

translation occurs in

cytoplasm

genetic code REDUNTANT

two or more codons may specify the same amino acid

start and stop codon are…. of….…..

are Specific Nucleotide Triplet

of mRNA

cause …. for example a genetic disorder called…..

due to to CELL DIVISION ERROR

Aneuploidy

Edwards syndrome

genetic disorder to do with X gene

haemophillia

translation uses what .. and the molecule is specifically called

tRNA the adaptor molecule

mature oocytes are —-loid

haploid

fertilization forms … whihc is a —-loid

zygote a diploid

gametogenesis is

gametes are produced for sexual reproduction

gametes are what types cells

sex cells

male gameteogensis called

spermatogensis

Spermatogenesis (Male Gametogenesis): BLURT ALL

a. Location: Takes place in the testes.

b. Cell Types:

- Spermatogonia: Undifferentiated cells in the testes.

- Primary Spermatocytes: meiosis 1 of spermatogonia.

- Secondary Spermatocytes: Four haploid spermatids are produced.

• They are round and not yet mature sperm.

- Spermatids: Formed by the second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes.

- Spermatozoa (Sperm): Mature sperm cells formed from spermatids.

c. Process:

- Spermatogenesis involves two meiotic divisions, resulting in four haploid cells (spermatids).

- Spermatids undergo further maturation to become spermatozoa.

Spermatogenesis located

testes

Spermatognia

undiffrentiated cells in testes

spermatids

formed from meiotic secondary division

spermatoza

mature sperm formed from spermatids

spermatogensis

Spermatogonium (2n) → Primary spermatocyte (2n) → Secondary spermatocytes (n) → Spermatids (n) → Spermatozoa (n)

Oogenesis is a. Location

in ovaries

producing female gametes

Oogonia:

undiffrentiated cells in ovaries

primary oocytes

division of oognia usually during fetal development

secondary oocytes

formed by first miotic division of primary oocytes

but are arrested in metaphase II till fertilization

ovum

from completion of meiosis I .only formed if fertilization occur

process of oogenesis

- Oogenesis also involves two meiotic divisions but with uneven cytokinesis, resulting in one large egg

and smaller polar bodies.

- Primary oocytes undergo meiosis I before birth, but meiosis II is completed only if fertilization occurs.

difference between spermgenesis and oogenesis

numb gametes

timing

size gamete

compare numb gamaetes spermatogenesis and oogenesis

speratogenesis - 4 functional sperm from 1 spermatogonium

oogenesis - 1 egg and 1 or more polar bodies from each primary oocyte

compare timing spermgenesis and oogenesis

speratogenesis - puberty and whole life

oogenesis - birth and till menopause

compare ,explain size of gamete speratogenesis and oogenesis -

speratogenesis - sperm small motile for fertilization

oogenesis - large bc has nutrients for developing embryo

ppt in INNATE IMMUNITY

phagocytes

humoural response mediated by -

humoural response mediated by - antibodies

damage to bone marrow affects all types of

all types of immunity

Evolution introduces inherited changes in development. As a result:

embryos of different animal species more similar than adults

name evolution on why aquatic animal are so similar

convergent evolution

nucleus is seperated from cytoplasm by

double membrane

which cells has exons and introns

eukaryote

what causes ANAEUPLOIDY

sometime in meiosis where homologous pair of chromo wont seperate then both chromo move to same pole

numerical abnormalities from

cell division error

cell division is simply from

numerical abnormalities

when does DNA REPLICATION occur bfr or aftr what

before cell division

what is normal chromo numb so —— loid in mature gametes

HAPLOID

mature ..= haploid

how many specific process occur in meiotic prohase I

3

what 3 specific processes in meiotic prophase I

crossing over

chromo condensation

chromo conjugation

how many spermatoza is formed from a single diploid precursor cell

4

how many mature oocytes form from a single diploid precursor cell

1

what 2 things can form from single diploid precursor cell

4 spermatoza

1 mature oocyte

describe placenta structure found in what wher e

flattened circula organ in uterus of mammals

function of placenta

nourish and maintain fetus through umbilical cord

umbilical cord does what

transport oxygen and nutrients and remove waste product

cleavage is

1st cell zygote dividing

what type layer is blastula and what —— ——layers made of

blastula is single layered and has 3 embryonic germ layers called -ectoderm , endoderm , mesoderm

the single layer blastula differentiated during ,specific

gastulation in early embryo development of animal

what is fertalization process

fusion of sperm haploid gamete and egg haploid gamete and produces diploid zygote

what is organogenesis process

ectoderm and endoderm and mesoderm become internal organs of an organism

acrosome

organelle that developed the anterior half of the head in spermatoza of animals

ectoderm for

NS , tooth , epidermis so neural tissue

endoderm for

digestive tract

innate = non specific =

vaccinations based on

immunological memory

Endoplasmic reticulum consists of

Membranous tubules , sacs ( cisternae)

Function performed by specific proteins

Support and motility apparatus of animal cells

Genetic info of a virus passed by direction

RNA → RNA

or RNA → DNA

Viruses can infect 3 type cells

Bacteria

Plant

Animal