Unit 3 AP World History

JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735

Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo

In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).

Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China?

The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.

JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735

Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo

In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).

The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 to

limit trade and other contacts with foreigners

JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735

Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo

In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).

All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image?

He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.

Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above?

To demonstrate their wealth and power

Source 1

“People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property.

Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property.

Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic.”

Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265

Source 2

“King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings.

We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us.”

Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492

The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history?

While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity.

Source 1

“People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property.

Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property.

Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic.”

Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265

Source 2

“King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings.

We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us.”

Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492

The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500–1750 ?

The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations

Source 1

“People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property.

Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property.

Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic.”

Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265

Source 2

“King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings.

We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us.”

Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492

Which of the following states in the period 1450–1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2 ?

The Mughal Empire under Akbar

Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?

Developing professional militaries

“It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God.”

An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570

What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above?

Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule.

TOTAL STATE MILITARY PERSONNEL AND TOTAL STATE REVENUES FROM SELECTED STATES, 1550–1700

State	Personnel in State Armed Forces circa 1550	State Revenues circa 1550 (in tons of silver)	Personnel in State Armed Forces circa 1700	State Revenues circa 1700 (in tons of silver)
Ottoman Empire	140,000	100	160,000	110
England	66,000	60	191,000	500
France	57,000	110	342,000	850

Source: Data adapted from K. Kivanç Karaman and Sevket Pamuk, “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914,” Journal of Economic History 70:3 (2010): 610 and 612.

The relationship between levels of military personnel and state revenues as shown in the table is best understood in the context of which of the following global developments in the period 1450–1750 ?

As military forces expanded and became more professionalized, states were forced to develop new ways to generate revenue.

TOTAL STATE MILITARY PERSONNEL AND TOTAL STATE REVENUES FROM SELECTED STATES, 1550–1700

State	Personnel in State Armed Forces circa 1550	State Revenues circa 1550 (in tons of silver)	Personnel in State Armed Forces circa 1700	State Revenues circa 1700 (in tons of silver)
Ottoman Empire	140,000	100	160,000	110
England	66,000	60	191,000	500
France	57,000	110	342,000	850

Source: Data adapted from K. Kivanç Karaman and Sevket Pamuk, “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914,” Journal of Economic History 70:3 (2010): 610 and 612.

The trends in military personnel and state revenue shown in the table are best understood in the context of which of the following changes in the relationship between states and local elites in the period 1450–1750 ?

States increasingly centralized their authority at the expense of local elites.

TOTAL STATE MILITARY PERSONNEL AND TOTAL STATE REVENUES FROM SELECTED STATES, 1550–1700

State	Personnel in State Armed Forces circa 1550	State Revenues circa 1550 (in tons of silver)	Personnel in State Armed Forces circa 1700	State Revenues circa 1700 (in tons of silver)
Ottoman Empire	140,000	100	160,000	110
England	66,000	60	191,000	500
France	57,000	110	342,000	850

Source: Data adapted from K. Kivanç Karaman and Sevket Pamuk, “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914,” Journal of Economic History 70:3 (2010): 610 and 612.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 is best understood as a response to the trends shown in the table?

The creation of larger state bureaucracies

Which of the following contributed most to the emergence of Russia as an expanding Eurasian power in the period between 1450 and 1750?

Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to

reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church

had become corrupted by power

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that

political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community

Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above?

Westernization

“The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power.”

King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610

The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

European monarchs’ continued use of religion to legitimize political authority