4.1-4.3 AP Psych quiz

attribution

process of assigning a cause to someone’s behavior

dispositional attribution

attributing to internal characteristics

situational attribution

tendency to explain one’s behavior through external factors, circumstances, or situation

explanatory styles

habitual way of interpreting and explaining causes

optimism

-positive mindset

-more situational attribution

-bounce back mentality

pessimism

-negative mindset

-more dispositional attribution

-hopelessness

-helplessness

actor/observer bias

-own behavior due to external factors

-others’ behaviors due to internal factors

fundamental Attribution Error

overestimate personal characteristics and underestimate situations

self-serving bias

-success due to internal factors

-failures due to external factors

internal locus of control

belief that individual has significant degree of control of things in their life

external locus of control

belief that individual has low degree of control of things in their life

mere exposure effects

people develop preference for certain things simply because they are familiar with them

self-fulfilling prophecy

actions effected by belief that eventually comes true

social comparison

tendency to compare yourself to others

-effects self-esteem and self-perception

relative deprivation

feeling of being worse off than others in a comparable group

stereotype

generalized and often oversimplified belief about a group of people

prejudice

negative attitude towards a group of people without any real experience

-based on stereotype

-leads to discrimination

discrimination

act of behaving negatively due to prejudice

implicit attitude

unconscious feelings towards someone

just-world phenomenon

tendency for people to believe that the world is fundamentally fair and that people get what they deserve

out-group homogeneity bias

see other groups as all the same

in-group bias

show favor to people in own social group

ethnocentrism

judge other cultures based on standards of your own

belief perseverance

holding onto belief even if evidence refutes it

social norms

unwritten rules and expectations that guide people in a society

conformity

tendency of a person to align their behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes with the norms or standards of a group

factors

-group size

-unanimity of group

-group cohesion

authority

more conformity if there is a higher status figure

collectivist culture

emphasizes supporting group

-more conformity

individualistic culture

focus on individual achievement

-less conformity

multiculturalism

multiple cultures in one group

obedience

how people respond to authority

dissent

defying authority

social influence theory

how and why we act around others

normative influences

person’s desire to be liked and accepted by a group

informational influences

individuals conform because they believe others have more accurate information

elaboration likelihood model

explains how people are persuaded

central route to persuasion

-uses facts

-takes more time

peripheral route to persuasion

-uses emotions

-takes less time

halo effect

overall impression influences how we feel and think about them

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

small agreeable request leads to larger request

door-in-the-face phenomenon

large unreasonable request leading to smaller request

group polarization

tendency for individual’s opinions, thoughts, and/or actions to be more extreme in group setting

groupthink

consensus over critical evaluation

-desire for harmony

deindividuation

individua in group loses sense of self-awareness or personal accountability

-feeling anonymous

diffusion of responsibility

individual feels less accountable and responsible when others are present

social loafing

individuals try less when in groups

-relying on others

industrial-organizational psychology

study how human behavior in work setting affects individual

social facilitation

better performance when in group due to presence of others

false consensus effect

-overestimate how others think and act

-think more people think like them

social traps

acting in own short-term interest

-disregarding long-term consequences

altruism

doing selfless act for others without expecting any personal gain

social responsibility norms

expectation that people will help those in need

social reciprocity norms

expectation people have when doing something for someone else

-action and reaction

bystander effect

shows how different situational factors impact a person’s likelihood to help others

-diffusion of responsibility