Agriculture, Fisheries, and Engineering Practice Flashcards

VOCABULARY flashcards covering concepts across aquaculture, fluid mechanics, crop and animal sciences, soil science, environment, hydrology, surveying, and statistics.

FISHING

The collection and gathering of fish from their natural habitats.

Fish Culture

The deliberate cultivation and raising of fish.

Aquaculture

The rearing and breeding of aquatic organisms in an environment which is more or less controllable by man.

Mariculture

Aquaculture in which organisms are raised in water with a salinity of beyond $35\,ppt$.

Aquasilviculture

A system integrating mangrove resource rehabilitation and aquaculture.

Intensive Method

An aquaculture method characterized by high stocking density, use of artificial feeds, and high water exchange rate.

Stenohaline Organism

Organisms that can withstand small variations in the salinity of the growing medium, such as carps and mackerels.

Euryhaline Organism

Organisms that can withstand wide variations in the salinity of the growing medium, such as crabs.

Anadromous Organism

Organisms which spawn in freshwater and spend their lives in saltwater habitats.

Katadromous Organism

Organisms which spawn in salt water and spend their lives in freshwater habitats.

Dissolved Oxygen

The amount of oxygen present in water; a level greater than $3\,mg/L$ is required for aquaculture.

Fluid Kinematics

The branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluid motion without considering the forces causing the motion.

Specific Gravity

The ratio of a substance's density to the density of water; it has no units.

Reynolds number

A dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces used to predict the type of fluid flow.

Laminar Flow

Fluid flow characterized by a Reynolds number less than $2000$.

Agronomy

The branch of crop science dealing with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils.

Horticulture

The branch of crop science dealing with gardens and plants within an enclosure.

Annuals

Plants that germinate, grow, flower, produce seeds, and die within one growing season or year.

Perennials

Plants that live and produce for more than two years, going through repeated cycles of growth and reproduction.

Trap Crop

Crops planted to lure pests away from the main crop to reduce damage.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell and site of respiration where glucose is converted to $\text{ATP}$.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

C4 Plants

Plants like corn and sugarcane that minimize photorespiration and are efficient in hot, sunny climates.

Transpiration

The loss of water vapor from plants, primarily through stomata in the leaves.

Auxin

A phytohormone that promotes cell elongation and apical dominance.

Grafting

A method of asexual propagation involving the joining of two plant parts: the rootstock and the scion.

Heterosis

Hybrid vigor; the advantage in traits like growth and fertility gained through crossbreeding.

Inbreeding

Mating of related animals, which increases homozygosity and the risk of inbreeding depression.

Edaphology

The branch of soil science that studies soils in relation to their use by plants.

Soil Horizon B

The subsoil layer showing maximum accumulation of clay, iron, or aluminum oxides.

Entisol

A young soil order with poorly developed horizons.

Vertisols

Clay-rich soils that shrink and swell, forming deep cracks when dry.

Nitrification

The transformation process that converts ammonium to nitrate.

Allelopathy

The ability of some plants to release biochemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants.

Tragedy of the Commons

A social dilemma where individuals acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting a shared resource.

Hydrologic Cycle

The continuous movement of water above, on, and beneath the Earth's surface.

Interception

Part of precipitation captured by plant canopies, structures, and surface debris before reaching the ground.

Sling Psychrometer

A device consisting of a dry and wet-bulb thermometer used to measure humidity.

Anemometer

An instrument used to measure wind speed.

Double Mass Analysis

A graphical method in hydrology used to check the consistency of a data series by plotting accumulated values against a reference variable.

Cadastral Surveys

Closed surveys undertaken to determine and define property lines, boundaries, and areas.

Meridian

An arbitrarily chosen reference line used in surveying to determine direction.

Bearing

An acute horizontal angle measured between a reference meridian and a line.

Azimuth

Horizontal angles observed in a clockwise direction from any reference meridian.

Consumptive Use Efficiency

The ratio of normal consumptive use to the net amount of water depleted from the root zone.

Bifurcation Ratio

The ratio of the number of streams of any given order to the number of streams of the next higher order.

Time of Concentration

The time required for water to flow from the remotest point of the watershed area to the outlet.

Saltation

The transport of intermediate-sized soil particles ($0.05\text{ to }0.5\,mm$) moved by wind or water in short flights or hops.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistical techniques that summarize and organize data in a simple and understandable way.

Universe

The complete collection of all individuals, objects, or entities whose characteristics are to be studied.

Null Hypothesis

The statement being tested in a statistical hypothesis, usually representing no effect or no difference.

Type I Error

Occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected; also known as a False Positive.

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables.

Feasible Solution

A solution in operations research that satisfies all given constraints.