PSYC 201 Final Review (copy)

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/241

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Ch. 1-7, 16 (missing ch. 8-10)

4th

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

242 Terms

1
New cards
Research Strategy
General approach to reseach determined by the kind of question it hopes to answer
2
New cards
Descriptive Research Strategy
Focusses on individual variablesIntended to answer questions about the specific state of individual variables for a specific group of individuals
3
New cards
Linear Relationship
Data points produced by the changing values of two variables form a straight-line pattern
4
New cards
Curvilinear Relationship
consistent, preictable relationship between two variables but with a curved line
5
New cards
Positive Relationship
increases in one varabile tend to be accompanied by increases in the other
6
New cards
Negative Relationship
increases in one varabile tend to be accompanied by decreases in the other
7
New cards
Correlational Research Strategy
Only attempts to describe the relationship, not explain itEach variable is measured with numerical scores
8
New cards
Experimental Research Strategy
Answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variablesConducted with rigourous control to ensure unambiguous demonstration
9
New cards
Quasi-Experimental Research Strategy
Answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables but can never produce unambiguous explanationUses some rigor and control but has a flaw
10
New cards
Non-Experimental Research Strategy
Attempts to demonstrate relationship between variables but does not attempt to explain itNo rigor and control, no cause-and-effect explanation
11
New cards
Difference between Correlational and Non-experimental research
Correlational: 1 group, 2 variables Non-Experimental: 2 groups, 1 variable
12
New cards
3 Aspects of a Research Study (decisions to be made)
Group vs individualSame indiviuals vs different individualsNumber of variables included
13
New cards
Research Strategy
General approach and goals of a research study. Determined by the question to be addressed and the answer you hope to obtain
14
New cards
Research Design
General framework for conducting a study/ implimenting a research strategy
15
New cards
Research Procedure
Exact, step by step description of a specific research study
16
New cards
External validity
the extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those used in the study
17
New cards
Threat to external validity
characteristics that limit the ability to generalize the results
18
New cards
3 types of generalization
from sample to general populationfrom one research study to anotherfrom research study to real-world situation
19
New cards
Internal validity
produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship betweeen two variables
20
New cards
Threat to internal validity
any factor that allows for an alternative explanation
21
New cards
Threats to generalizing across participants or Subjects
Selection biasCollege studentsVolunteer biasParticipant characteristicsCross-Species generalizations
22
New cards
Threats to generalizing across features of a study
Novelty effectMultiple Treatment InterferenceExperimenter characteristics
23
New cards
Threats to generalizing across features of the measures
SensitizationGenerality across response measuresTime of measurement
24
New cards
Extraneous variable
any variable in a study other than the specific variables being studied
25
New cards
Confounding variable
an extraneous variable that changes systematically along with the two variables being studied. Produces an alternative explanation for the observed relationship (threat to internal validity)
26
New cards
Participant variable/Individual Differences
personal characteristics that differ from one individual to the next (height, weight, gender, age, IQ, personality)
27
New cards
Time Related Variable
variables that change as time goes by
28
New cards
Experimenter Bias
Experimenters expectations or personal beliefs influence the findings of a study
29
New cards
Double-blind and Single-Blind studies
minimize the potential for experimenter bias
30
New cards
Experimental Research Strategy Elements
Manipulation: Researcher manipulates one variable to create a set of two or more treatment conditionsMeasurement: Second variable is measured to obtain a set of scores in each treatment conditionComparison: Scores in one condition are compared to the scores in another. Consistent differences mean that the manipulation caused the changesControl: All other variables are controlled to ensure they do not influence the variables being examined
31
New cards
Independent variable
Variable manipulated by the researcher
32
New cards
Treatment condition
Situation or environment characterized by one specific value of the manipulated variable. Experiment contains 2 or more
33
New cards
Levels
Different values of the independent variable
34
New cards
Dependent variable
Variable observed for changes to assess the effect of manipulating the independent variable
35
New cards
Extraneous variables
All variables in the study other than the independent and dependent variables
36
New cards
third-variable problem
relationship between two variables is coincidental not causational
37
New cards
Directionality problem
the existence of a relationship does not always explain the direction of the relationship
38
New cards
Manipulation
Identifying the specific values of the independent variable to be examined and creating treatment conditions to do so
39
New cards
Confounding variables
third variable that is allowed to change systematically along with the two variables being studied
40
New cards
Randomization
use of random process to help avoid a systematic relationship between two variables
41
New cards
Random assignment
the use of random process to assign participants to treatment conditions
42
New cards
Random process
all possible outcomes are equally likely
43
New cards
Experimental condition
conditions in which the treatment is administered
44
New cards
Control condition
the condition in which the treatment is not administered
45
New cards
no-treatment condition
condition in which participants do not receive the treatment being evaluated
46
New cards
placebo effect
positive response by a participant to an inert medication that has no effect on the body. they think the medication is effective
47
New cards
placebo control condition
participants receive a placebo instead of actual treatment
48
New cards
manipulation check
additional measure to assess how the participants perceived and interpreted the manipulation and/or assess the direct effect of the manipulation
49
New cards
important times for a manipulation check
Participant manipulationssubtle manipulationsplacebo controlsSimulations
50
New cards
Simulation
creation of conditions within an experiment that simulate or closely duplicate the natural environment in which they occur
51
New cards
Mundane realism
Superficial, usually physical, characteristics of the simulation, which probably have little positive effect on external validity
52
New cards
Experimental realism
The psychological aspects of the simulation
53
New cards
Field study
research conducted in a place the participants percieve as the natural environme
54
New cards
method of tenacity
information is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it.
55
New cards
method of intuition
information is accepted on the basis of a gut feeling
56
New cards
method of authority
a person relies on information or answers from an expert on the subject
57
New cards
method of faith
variant on method of authority - unquestioning trust in authority figure, Accept information from authority w/o doubt or challenge
58
New cards
rational method / rationalism
seeks answers by use of logical reasoning
59
New cards
premise statements
describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true
60
New cards
argument
set of premise statements that are logically combined to yield to a conclusion
61
New cards
empirical method
uses observation or direct sensory experience to obtain knowledge
62
New cards
inductive reasoning
using a small set of specific observations as basis for forming a general statements about larger set possible observations
63
New cards
variables
characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals e.g. weather/ economy/ personal health - or - weight /height/personality between people
64
New cards
hypothesis
statement that describes a relationship between or among variable: A proposal not final answer
65
New cards
deductive reasoning
uses a general statement as basis for reaching a conclusion about specific
66
New cards
scientific method
method of acquiring knowledge. that uses observations to develop a hypothesis, then uses hypothesis to make logical predictions that can be empirically tested by making systematic observations. typically a cycle
67
New cards
Quantitative research
based on measuring variables for individual participants to obtain scores
68
New cards
Qualitative research
based on making observations that are Summarized + interpreted in a narrative report.
69
New cards
participants
human individuals who take part in research
70
New cards
subjects
non-human individuals who take part in research
71
New cards
Impact Factor
measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year
72
New cards
research confederate
pretend to be a participant but part of the research team
73
New cards
In a true experiment…
the researcher must manipulate an independent variable while controlling all variables other than independent + dep. variables
74
New cards
active deception
commission
75
New cards
between groups design
Participation is randomly assigned to the study conditions
76
New cards
within groups design
Participation is exposed to the different levels of the independent variable
77
New cards
passive deception
omission
78
New cards
when using deception
the benefit must outweigh the risk
79
New cards
theory
summarizes and organizes observations + inferences. provides tentative explanations for phenomena. + provides a basis for making predictions.
80
New cards
Scientific method step 1
posing a question
81
New cards
Scientific method step 2
Developing procedures to answer questions
82
New cards
Scientific method step 3
planning for + then making appropriate empirical observations
83
New cards
Scientific method step 4
rationally interpreting empirical observations
84
New cards
Scientific method step 5
using interpretations to predict other events
85
New cards
theory requirements
must be falsifiablesolid empirical baseparsimonious
86
New cards
Questions in Research
Form a statement that needs an answerIdentify general topic areaLook for relationships between variables
87
New cards
Common sources of research ideas
Scholarly literaturemodify an existing studydiscussion section at research reportpersonal interests / curiositiescasual observations.practical problems / questionsbehavioural theories
88
New cards
Hypothesis
a statement about relationships between variables
89
New cards
A hypothesis shows:
A relationship existsA cause + effect explanationLimitations fer relationshipRelationship depends an definition of variables
90
New cards
Mistakes in forming a hypothesis
Lack of interesttoo easy or hardtoo broadstay with first ideainadequate literature on topic
91
New cards
Basic Questions
aim to increase our scientific understanding of phenomena
92
New cards
Applied Questions
seeks to identify solutions to current problems
93
New cards
Basic Research
research studies intended to answer theoretical questions or rather knowledge simply for the sake of new knowledge.
94
New cards
Applied Research
intended to answer practical questions or solve practical problems.
95
New cards
Primary source
firsthand report of observations or research results written by the individuals who actually conducted the research and made the observations
96
New cards
Secondary source
a description or summary of another person’s work. A secondary source is written by someone who did not participate in the research or observations being discussed.
97
New cards
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
LogicalTestable – all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observedRefutable – can be demonstrated to be false. Possible for the outcome to be different than the predictionPositive
98
New cards
Theory
set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a particular behavior.Help organize and unify different observations of the behavior and its relationship with other variables.Generates predictions about the behavior
99
New cards
Constructs
hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a theory
100
New cards
Operational Definition
a procedure for indirectly measuring and defining a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly.specifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external, observable behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and measurement of the hypothetical construct