Chapter 13 Exam 4

nov. 19

Percent of body mass brain makes up

2%

Percent of body’s energy brain uses

20%

gyrus

ridges

sulcus

depression between ridges

longitudinal fissure

line in middle of the brain

medulla oblongata

first enlargement of spinal cord. All neural tracts from the spinal cord pass through here

pons

chiefly composed of conduction tracts between higher brain centers (cerebrum and cerebellum) and spinal cord. 

reticular formation

system of neurons running throughout the brainstem and radiating through the cerebral cortex

cerebra peduncles

contain somatic (motor) tracts from cerebrum to cerebellum and then cerebellum to spinal cord. Also routes sensory input

corpora quadrigemina

with 2 superior colliculi controlling reflex head movements in response to visual stimuli and 2 inferior colliculi controlling head movements in response to auditory stimuli

hippocampus

structure deep in the temporal lobe; responsible for converting short-term memories into long-term. Plays a role in emotional regulation and in spatial processing and navigation

amygdala

region is associated with memories associated with emotional events. May also be involved in sexual orientation, aggression, fear, and anxiety processing. The right side is associated with negative emotion and the desire to act on it, the left seems to allow for greater detail in emotional memories

thalamus (midbrain)

interprets sensory input somewhat relays to cerebrum for interpreting

epithalamus (midbrain)

produces most of cerebrospinal fluid and includes pineal body which produces melatonin

pineal body

produces melatonin

hypothalamus

mammillary bodies - smell relay and reflex control; infundibulum - controls release of pituitary hormones, activate thyroid and pancreas; chief autonomic control center - regulating hunger, thirst, temperature, gland secretion

cerebellum

coordinate and monitor motor performance and processes equilibrium data; learns and remembers complex muscles activities and hardwires them

cerebrum

receives sensory input and directs motor output to opposite side of the body

corpus callosum

transverse fibers interconnected by 2 hemispheres

cerebral cortex

superficial portion of cerebrum; responsible for memory integration, interpreting sensory input, motor output, and intellectual emotional processing

neocortex

responsible for consciousness and higher order thinking

circumventricular organ

blood-brain barrier is lacking, allows brain to “sample” blood for certain substances

frontal lobe

anterior part of cerebrum, controls voluntary movement; motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

parietal lobe

serves general sensory functions; evaluating shape and texture of objects

temporal lobe

functions include hearing and smell

occipital lobe

functions in vision and visual memories

insula lobe

functions in memory and sense of taste

motor homunculus

large area of brain controls their precise movements

motor speech area (Broca’s area)

controls movement for vocalization

frontal eye field

regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision

premotor cortex

coordinates learned, skilled activities

sensory homunculus

large regions for lips, fingers, genital areas

primary visual cortex

located within occipital lobe

visual association area

integrates color, form, memory to allow us to identify things we see

primary auditory cortex

located within temporal lobe

auditory association area

interprets sounds; stores and retrieves memories of sounds

primary olfactory cortex

provides conscious awareness of smells

primary gustatory cortex

involved in processing taste information

prefrontal cortex

complex thought, judgement, personality, planning, deciding

wernicke area

involved in language comprehension

gnostic area

sights, smells, sounds converge and brain becomes aware of situation

REM sleep

brain is active, eyes move, takes up 25% of sleep time

non REM sleep

slower frequency brain waves, takes up about 75% of sleep time. Important for growth

sensory memory

associations based on sensory input that last for seconds

short term memory

limited capacity (about 7 bits of information)

long term memory

can be encoded from short term, may exist indefinitely but can be lost if not retrieved occasionally

encoding

requires amygdala and hippocampus

insomnia

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

sleep apnea

breathing interruptions during sleep

traumatic brain injury

acute brain damage occurring as a result of trauma

concussion

most common type of TBI; temporary loss of consciousness, headache, drowsiness

contusion

bruising of brain due to trauma

second impact syndrome

severe brain swelling

epidural hematoma

pool of blood in epidural space of brain; severe blow to the head

subdural hematoma

hemorrhage in subdural space, from ruptured veins from fast rotational head movement

Alzheimer’s disease

changes in mood and behavior; slow progressive loss of higher intellectual function

epilepsy

chronic brain disease that causes seizures

Parkinson’s disease

progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes tremors, slowed movement, muscles stiffness, impaired balance, or difficulty speaking

dura matter

touch fibrous outer layer

arachnoid

middle layer composed of thin cells with delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, suspend brain and spinal cord

pia matter

thin inner layer that is anchored firmly to nervous tissue

Olfactory Nerve

sense of smell

Optic Nerve

sense of vision

Oculomotor Nerve

controls muscles that move eye, lift eyelid, change pupil

Trochlear Nerve

controls superior oblique eye muscle

Trigeminal Nerve

somatic sensation from face; chewing movements

Abducens Nerve

controls lateral rectus muscle that abducts eye

Facial Nerve

controls muscles of facial expression and provides signals for taste from tongue

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

senses of hearing and equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

taste and touch from tongue, control of a pharynx muscle

Vagus Nerve

visceral sensation; parasympathetic nerve to many organs of body

Accessory Nerve

controls muscles of neck, pharynx

Hypoglossal Nerve

controls tongue muscles