Global cities part 2

Political power

-The Shard -10 Downing Street -Westminster Abbey -Buckingham palace -London City Hall -The House of Parliament

Economical power

-Leadenhall building -The Shard -The gherkin -The Walkie Talkie -Tower Bridge -ST Pancras -The City -Canary Wharf

Cultural power

-The British Museum -The Shard -The Walkie Talkie -London Eye -National Gallery -Tower Bridge -St Pancras -Westminster Abbey -Buckingham Palace

Chronology of the socio-economical changes

-20th century -1950s to 1990s -1990s to 2000s

20th century

thanks to railways and cars, wealthier people are able to move to suburbs => central city : less crowded -aims: spacious houses + garden peace and clean areas + no pollution + educational purposes

1950s-1990s

-industries moved to the suburbs -in the cities : new jobs around business, finance, engineering, luxury, etc... (qualified jobs)

1990s-2000s

wealthier people moved back to the city, younger dynamic

gentrification

urban process by which the population of a neighborhood, or of a city as a whole, changes to the benefit of more privileged social classes, to the detriment of the more modest classes that previously occupied the area.

congestion

area is extremely crowded and blocked with traffic or people

London Congestion Charge

A fee charged for some categories of motor vehicle to travel at certain times within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ), a traffic area in London. The charge aims to reduce congestion and raise investment funds for London's transport system

consequences of the Congestion Charge

-reduced traffic congestion in central London -improved air quality -revenue generated by the charge : used to fund various transportation projects in the city

inconveniences for the drivers

costly

Congestion Charge policy

-applied between 7am and 6pm Monday to Friday -12pm to 6pm on Saturday, Sunday and bank holidays -costs £15 on spot or in advance -£17.5 by midnight or 3 days after the travel -fine of £160 if you do not pay -exemption for disabled, bicycles, motorbikes and mopeds

London Congestion Charge zone

ULEZ

Ultra Low Emissions Zone (London)