Mod. 9 (Tranquilizers, hypnotics, sedatives)

8 Major Groups → T-S-B-C-B-P-T-B-R

1. Tranquilizers

2. Sedatives

3. Barbiturates

4. Chloral Hydrates

5. Benzodiazepines

6. Phenothiazines

7. Thioxanthenes

8. Butyrophenones

9. Rauwolfia

Mnemonic:
“Tranquil Sedated Barbs Chloral Benzos Pheno Thio Buty Rau.”

HYPNOTICS, TRANQUILIZERS, & SEDATIVES

MEMORY ANCHOR
This topic is divided into what major drug groups?

Tranquilizers = without drowsiness
Sedatives = with drowsiness and hypnosis

Mnemonic:
“Tranquil = calm but awake. Sedative = sleepy.”

What is the difference between Tranquilizers and Sedatives?

Without drowsiness

Mnemonic:
“Tranquil = quiet but not knocked out.”

Tranquilizers cause calmness with or without drowsiness?

Drowsiness and hypnosis

Mnemonic:
“Sedative sends the patient to sleep.”

Sedatives cause what effects?

Barbiturates

Route → Oral or Injectable
Dose effect → Low dose = hypnotic; much lower dose = sedative
5 Drugs → B-P-A-S-P

Think:
“Barbs can be swallowed or injected, then dose decides sleep.”

BARBITURATES MEMORY ANCHOR
Barbiturates = what major structure?

Oral route or injectable

Mnemonic:
“Barbs can be by mouth or by shot.”

Barbiturates can be given through what routes?

Hypnotic

Mnemonic:
“Low Barb = lulls to hypnosis.”

At low dose, Barbiturates become what?

Sedative

Mnemonic:
“Much lower Barb = mild sleepy calm.”

At much lower dose, Barbiturates become what?

B-P-A-S-P

1. Barbital

2. Phenobarbital

3. Amobarbital

4. Secobarbital

5. Pentobarbital

Mnemonic:
“Barbs Put Animals Straight to Pillow.”

Enumerate the Barbiturates. Mnemonic?

B = Barbital
P = Phenobarbital
A = Amobarbital
S = Secobarbital
P = Pentobarbital

Mnemonic:
“Barbs Put Animals Straight to Pillow.”

What does B-P-A-S-P stand for under Barbiturates?

Barbiturate

Mnemonic:
“Barbital = basic Barb.”

Barbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturate

Mnemonic:
“Pheno-BARB-ital = phenobarb is a barb.”

Phenobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturate

Mnemonic:
“Amo-BARB-ital = A-MO sleepy barb.”

Amobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturate

Mnemonic:
“Seco-BARB-ital = second sleepy barb.”

Secobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Barbiturate

Mnemonic:
“Pento-BARB-ital = pillow barb.”

Pentobarbital belongs to what drug group?

Good choice as hypnotics

Mnemonic:
“Chloral = closes the eyes.”

CHLORAL HYDRATES

MEMORY ANCHOR
Chloral Hydrates are a good choice as what?

Hypnotics

Mnemonic:
“Chloral hydrates = hypnotic sleep hydrate.”

Chloral Hydrates are good choice as what?

Benzodiazepines

Main effect → Muscle relaxants
3 Drugs → D-M-C
Special notes → Diazepam = mood stabilizer; Midazolam = hypnotic + mixed with zolazepam; Chlordiazepoxide = liver/icterus

Think:
“Benzos relax muscles: D-M-C.”

BENZODIAZEPINES

MEMORY ANCHOR
Benzodiazepines = what major structure?

Muscle relaxants

Mnemonic:
“Benzo bends the muscle loose.”

Benzodiazepines are mainly used as what?

D-M-C

1. Diazepam

2. Midazolam

3. Chlordiazepoxide

Mnemonic:
“Dogs’ Muscles Calm.”

Enumerate the Benzodiazepines in these notes. Mnemonic?

D = Diazepam
M = Midazolam
C = Chlordiazepoxide

Mnemonic:
“Dogs’ Muscles Calm.”

FRONT:
What does D-M-C stand for under Benzodiazepines?

Muscle relaxant drug
Mood stabilizer

Mnemonic:
“Diaze-PAM relaxes muscles and mood.”

Diazepam is what kind of drug under Benzodiazepines?

Diazepam

Mnemonic:
“PAM relaxes body and mood.”

Which Benzodiazepine is both a muscle relaxant drug and mood stabilizer?

Muscle relaxant
Hypnotic

Mnemonic:
“Mida-ZZZ-lam = muscle relax + sleep.”

Midazolam is used as what?

Midazolam

Mnemonic:
“Mida mixes with Zola.”

Which Benzodiazepine is mixed with Zolazepam?

Zolazepam

Mnemonic:
“Mida + Zola = mixed pair.”

Midazolam is mixed with what drug?

Liver

Mnemonic:
“Chlori-DIAZEPOXIDE = liver oxidized.”

Chlordiazepoxide may normally affect what organ?

Icterus

Mnemonic:
“Chlori turns liver yellow.”

Icterus = yellow clue.

Chlordiazepoxide may cause what condition due to liver effect?

Phenothiazines

Main effect → Tranquilizer/sedative without analgesic effects
5 Drugs → A-C-P-T-E
Important species notes → horses, dogs, cats, sheep, small animals

Think:
“Pheno calms but does not kill pain.”

PHENOTHIAZINE MEMORY ANCHOR
Phenothiazines = what major structure?

A-C-P-T-E

1. Acepromazine / Xylazine

2. Chlorpromazine

3. Promazine

4. Triflupromazine

5. Ethylisobuterazine

Mnemonic:
“Angry Creatures Prefer To Ease.”

Enumerate the Phenothiazines. Mnemonic?

Without analgesic effects

Mnemonic:
“Pheno calms but no pain relief.”

Phenothiazines act as tranquilizer/sedative with or without analgesic effects?

A = Acepromazine / Xylazine
C = Chlorpromazine
P = Promazine
T = Triflupromazine
E = Ethylisobuterazine

Mnemonic:
“Angry Creatures Prefer To Ease.”

What does A-C-P-T-E stand for under Phenothiazines?

Horses

Mnemonic:
“Ace rides the horse.”

Acepromazine / Xylazine is commonly used in what species?

Because visual and auditory are not affected.

Mnemonic:
“Ace horse still sees and hears.”

Why is Acepromazine / Xylazine commonly used in horses?

Priapism

Penile prolapse and does not retract.

Mnemonic:
“Ace horse has a stuck penis problem.”

Acepromazine / Xylazine causes what adverse effect in horses?

Penile prolapse and does not retract.

Mnemonic:
“Priapism = protrudes and persists.”

What is Priapism in horses?

Hypnotic
Sedative tranquilizer
Anti-emetic drug

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpromazine helps dogs sleep, calm, and stop vomiting.”

Chlorpromazine is used as what in dogs but not in cats?

Cats

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro for dog vomit, not cat vomit.”

Chlorpromazine is used as anti-emetic in dogs but not in what species?

Anti-arrhythmic drug

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro controls rhythm.”

Chlorpromazine is also used as what cardiac-related drug?

D-P

1. Dichlorvos

2. Physostigmine

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro boosts Dichi and Physo.”

Chlorpromazine increases the activity/function of what 2 drugs? Mnemonic?

OP-compound

Mnemonic:
“Dichlorvos = dangerous OP.”

What is Dichlorvos classified as in the notes?

ACh Inhibitor

Mnemonic:
“Physo preserves ACh.”

What is Physostigmine classified as in the notes?

Epinephrine

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro says NO Epi.”

What drug is contraindicated with Chlorpromazine?

Equine practice

Mnemonic:
“Pro-mazine? Not pro-horse.”

Promazine is seldom used in what practice?

Before the horse experiences hypnosis, it experiences little excitement.

Mnemonic:
“Promazine excites before it hypnotizes.”

Why is Promazine seldom used in equine practice?

Erythrocytes / RBC

Mnemonic:
“Tri-flu hits sheep’s red blood.”

Triflupromazine affects what in sheep?

Sheep

Mnemonic:
“Tri-flu sheep RBC.”

In what species does Triflupromazine affect erythrocytes?

Small animal practice

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl eases small animals.”

Ethylisobuterazine is mostly used in what practice?

Sedative
To calm the patient

Example: grooming

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl eases grooming.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used as what in small animals?

Mutilation

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl prevents self-injury.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used to prevent what?

The animal

Mnemonic:
“Ethyl = quiet animal.”

Ethylisobuterazine is used to quiet what?

Chlorprothixene

Mnemonic:
“Thio has ChlorproTHIXENE.”

THIOXANTHENE

MEMORY ANCHOR
Thioxanthene has what listed drug?

Chlorprothixene

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro-THIXENE = Thioxanthene.”

What is the listed drug under Thioxanthene?

A-A

1. Anti-emetic

2. Antihistamine

Mnemonic:
“ChlorproTHIXENE stops vomit and histamine.”

Chlorprothixene is a good what? Mnemonic?

Body temperature

Mnemonic:
“Pig + Thixene = temperature thickens upward.”

In pigs, Chlorprothixene increases what?

Hyperthermia

Mnemonic:
“Pig gets hyper-hot.”

In pigs, Chlorprothixene may lead to what condition?

Butyrophenones

4 Drugs → H-D-A-L
Common notes → anti-emetic, psychotropic, swine use, galactorrhea, epinephrine contraindication

Think:
“Butyro handles behavior, vomiting, pigs, and milk effects.”

BUTYROPHENONE

MEMORY ANCHOR
Butyrophenones = what major structure?

H-D-A-L

1. Haloperidol

2. Droperidol

3. Azaperone

4. Leperone

Mnemonic:
“Hungry Dogs Attack Leftovers.”

Enumerate the Butyrophenones. Mnemonic?

H = Haloperidol
D = Droperidol
A = Azaperone
L = Leperone

Mnemonic:
“Hungry Dogs Attack Leftovers.”

What does H-D-A-L stand for under Butyrophenones?

Galactorrhea

Excessive excretion of milk.

Mnemonic:
“HALO makes milk flow.”

Haloperidol may cause what adverse effect?

Excessive excretion of milk

Mnemonic:
“Galacto = milk.”

What is Galactorrhea?

Psychotropic drug

Mnemonic:
“HALO affects the head.”

Haloperidol is also what kind of drug?

Anti-emetic

Mnemonic:
“DROPeridol drops vomiting.”

Droperidol is used as what?

Epinephrine

Mnemonic:
“Droperidol says NO Epi.”

What drug is contraindicated with Droperidol?

Galactorrhea

Excessive excretion of milk.

Mnemonic:
“DROPeridol drops milk.”

Droperidol may cause what adverse effect?

Swine

Mnemonic:
“Aza-pig-rone.”

Azaperone is used in what species?

Malignant hyperthermia

Mnemonic:
“Aza cools the hot pig.”

Azaperone is used in swine to correct what?

Aggression

Mnemonic:
“Aza prevents angry pigs.”

Azaperone is used to prevent what behavior in piglets and sow?

Redhorse

Mnemonic:
“Angry pigs? Redhorse alternative.”

What is the alternative mentioned for preventing aggression in piglets and sow?

Butyrophenone

Mnemonic:
“Leperone left with Butyro.”

Leperone belongs to what drug group?

Rauwolfia

2 Drugs → R-M
Both are neuronal blocking sympatholytic drugs.

Think:
“Rauwolfia blocks sympathetic neurons.”

RAUWOLFIA

MEMORY ANCHOR
Rauwolfia = what major structure?

R-M

1. Reserpine

2. Methoserpate

Mnemonic:
“Rauwolfia Relaxes Messages.”

Enumerate the Rauwolfia drugs. Mnemonic?

R = Reserpine
M = Methoserpate

Mnemonic:
“Rauwolfia Relaxes Messages.”

What does R-M stand for under Rauwolfia?

Neuronal blocking sympatholytic drug

Mnemonic:
“Reserpine restrains sympathetic neurons.”

Reserpine is classified as what?

Neuronal blocking sympatholytic drug

Mnemonic:
“Methoserpate mutes sympathetic messages.”

Methoserpate is classified as what?

Chloral Hydrates

Mnemonic:
“Chloral closes the eyes.”

Which group is a good choice as hypnotics?

Barbiturates

Mnemonic:
“Barb dose decides sleep depth.”

Which group has drugs that can be oral or injectable and dose-dependent sedative/hypnotic?

Benzodiazepines

Mnemonic:
“Benzo bends muscles loose.”

Which group is mainly remembered as muscle relaxants?

Phenothiazines

Mnemonic:
“Pheno calms but no pain relief.”

Which group is tranquilizer/sedative without analgesic effects?

Acepromazine / Xylazine

Mnemonic:
“Ace horse = stuck prolapse problem.”

Which drug causes Priapism in horses?

Chlorpromazine

Mnemonic:
“Chlorpro for dog vomit, not cat vomit.”

Which drug is anti-emetic in dogs but not cats?

C-D

1. Chlorpromazine

2. Droperidol

Mnemonic:
“Chlor-Drop says Don’t give Epi.”

Which drugs have Epinephrine contraindication?

H-D

1. Haloperidol

2. Droperidol

Mnemonic:
“HALO and DROP milk.”

Which drugs may cause Galactorrhea? Mnemonic?

Chlorprothixene

Mnemonic:
“Thixene makes pigs thick-hot.”

Which drug increases body temperature in pigs leading to hyperthermia?

Azaperone

Mnemonic:
“Aza cools and calms pigs.”

Which drug is used in swine to correct malignant hyperthermia and prevent aggression?

Main Map → T-S-B-C-B-P-T-B-R

1. Tranquilizers

   • Calm without drowsiness

2. Sedatives

   • Drowsiness and hypnosis

3. Barbiturates → B-P-A-S-P

   • Barbital

   • Phenobarbital

   • Amobarbital

   • Secobarbital

   • Pentobarbital

4. Chloral Hydrates

   • Good hypnotics

5. Benzodiazepines → D-M-C

   • Diazepam

   • Midazolam

   • Chlordiazepoxide

6. Phenothiazines → A-C-P-T-E

   • Acepromazine / Xylazine

   • Chlorpromazine

   • Promazine

   • Triflupromazine

   • Ethylisobuterazine

7. Thioxanthene

   • Chlorprothixene

8. Butyrophenones → H-D-A-L

   • Haloperidol

   • Droperidol

   • Azaperone

   • Leperone

9. Rauwolfia → R-M

   • Reserpine

   • Methoserpate

Master Mnemonic:
“Tranquil Sedated Barbs Chloral Benzos Pheno Thio Buty Rau.”

MASTER MEMORY MAP
Hypnotics, Tranquilizers, & Sedatives = how do you remember the whole topic?