Unit 2: Hemostasis and Blood Types (Module 2)

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation (clotting)

what are the 3 main steps to hemostasis

hemostasis

a process to prevent/stop bleeding

vascular spasm

What part of hemostasis is described:

when a smooth muscle is damaged, it constricts

platelets also release factors contributing to the spasm

acts to decrease blood flow and therefore decrease the volume of blood loss

platelet plug formation

What part of hemostasis is described:

platelets stick to a tear in vessel wall

once attached to endothelium, they release a variety of chemicals

Thromboxane A2 and Serotonin

two chemicals that further constrict smooth muscle; are released by platelets

ADP

chemical that causes platelets to become sticky, causing more of them to aggregate; produced by platelets

fibrin

what will reinforce the platelet plug formation?

coagulation

What part of hemostasis is described:

form a substance called prothrombinase by both extrinsic pathways and intrinsic pathways (draw it out with the various clotting factors!!!)

fibroblasts generate new connective tissue around the vessel

extrinsic pathway

chemicals from the damaged tissue activate prothrombinase

intrinsic pathway

platelets release substances that activate prothrombinase

thrombus

when a clot forms and stays in one location

thrombosis

condition name for a thrombus

embolus

if the thrombus breaks off and travels through circulation

embolism

condition for an embolus

intervene with respiration

what can a pulmonary embolus lead to?

prostacyclin

what does the endothelium produce to maintain healthy blood flow and prevent constant clotting?

fibrinolytic system

what system dissolves clots once they are repaired?

plasmin by t-PA

plasminogen is converted into what by what?

dissolve fibrin

what does plasmin do?

anticoagulants

what is the name for the drug class that prevents blood clotting; “blood thinners”

EDTA

anticoagulant that binds calcium; often used with donated blood

Heparin

anticoagulant that prevents thrombin formation (usually used with dialysis and surgery)

Coumadin (Warfarin)

anticoagulant that blocks activity of vitamin K

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

anticoagulant that prevents platelet aggregation; usually used to prevent stroke and heart attacks

Type A

has A antigen and anti B antibodies

Type B

has B antigen and anti-A antibodies

Type AB

has both A&B antigens and no antibodies

Type O

has neither A or B antigens and anti-A and anti-B antibodies

O-

universal donor

AB+

universal recipient

Rh+

has Rh factor antigen

Rh-

does not have Rh factor (doesn’t create antibody against Rh factor unless exposed to it)

erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

when an Rh- mother has a Rh+ baby. Usually occurs with the second Rh+ baby

RhoGAM

prescribed to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn