Unit 3: Biochemistry

Adenine

It is a base of nucleic acid. It is classified as a purine base and pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA.

Amino Acid

There are 20 found in living things.

Human body can make 11 of them.

Other 9 called “dietary amino acids” bc found in diet

Atom

All matter made of this.

protons:+1

neutrons:x

electrons:-1

loses or gains electrons called bonds

Atomic #

Says how many protons are in the nucleus.

Base Sequence

The order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule, determining the genetic code and instructions for protein synthesis.

Biomolecules

Biomolecules are molecules essential for life.

They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Functions: providing energy, storing genetic information, and building and repairing tissues.

Biomolecules are made up of smaller units called monomers, which combine to form polymers through chemical reactions.

Carbohydrates

monosaccharides(simple sugar)glucose

disaccharides:sucrose, lactose

polysaccharides: starch, cellulose

CHO

Proteins

monomer: amino acid(20tps)ex.glycine

CHON

C6H12O6

Glucose chemical formula

Complementary base pairing

Within a molecule of DNA, pairs of bases are chemically bonded together by hydrogen bonds.

These bonds hold the two strands of the molecule together.

Bases pair up with each other in a consistent way, and this process is called complementary base pairing

Covalent Bonding

when atoms share electrons they form covalent bonds & form molecules

O&N =electric “electron hungry”

Cytosine

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.

It pairs with guanine.

Cytosine is involved in the coding and transmission of genetic information.

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharides

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

The molecule responsible for storing genetic information in all living organisms.

It consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA is essential for the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next.

Electron

Subatomic particle with a negative charge.

Found in shells around the nucleus of an atom.

Involved in chemical reactions and electricity.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

They are highly specific and can be regulated by factors like temperature and pH.

They are essential for various biological processes, such as digestion, metabolism, and DNA replication.

Fatty acid (monomer for what?)

Monomer for lipids.

Gene (how did we define a gene?)

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or performing a particular function in an organism.

50-2000 amino acids in 1 protein molecule

Gene expression (what are the steps to go from a gene to a trait?)

transcription

translation

Glucose (what kind of biomolecule is it? What is its chemical formula? Where would you find it in your body? How does it relate to photosynthesis and respiration?

monosaccharide for carbohydrates

C6H12O6

Found around liver and skeletal muscle

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.

Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide.

Guanine (what is it? What does it pair with? Which is it in: DNA and/or RNA?)

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. It pairs with cytosine in DNA and RNA

Hydrogen bond (what is it? Where can you find this type of bond?)

an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds.

hold 2 strands of DNA together.

Hydrophilic (what does it mean?)

The heads of phospholipid molecules are either charged or polarized(which means having relative charge) they want to stay with water. Called hydrophilic

Hydrophobic (what does it mean?)

Things that not want to be in water.

Ex. Legs of phospholipids which are made of fatty acids which are mainly nonpolar (have no charge)

Ion (what is it? How is it formed?)

An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

Ionic bond (what is it?)

A type of chemical bond formed between two atoms when one atom transfers electrons to another atom.

It results in the formation of ions with opposite charges, which are attracted to each other.

Lipid (incl a food source, monomer, 3 key functions, elements used)

Food source: Avocado

Monomer: Fatty acids (more than 300) and glycerol

triglyceride: most fats and oils

Phospholipid:cell membrane

Key functions: Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure

Elements used: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)

Monomer (what does this mean?)

A molecule that can join together with other molecules to form a polymer.

Monosaccharide (what kind of biomolecule is it? What does the mono- prefix tell you?)

Biomolecule: Carbohydrate

Mono- prefix: Indicates that it is a single sugar unit.

Neutron (Where is it found in an atom? What charge does it have?)

In middle of atom

Neutral charge (x)

Nitrogenous base (incl. their names and which ones are in DNA and RNA)

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). I

n RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U).

Nucleic Acid (incl monomer, 2 examples, 1 main function, elements used)

Monomer: The monomer of nucleic acids is called a nucleotide.

Examples: Two examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Main Function: The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information in living organisms.

Elements Used: Nucleic acids are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P).

CHONP

Nucleotide (what is it a monomer for, can you draw/label its 3 parts)

A nucleotide is a monomer for nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.

It consists of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine in DNA; adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine in RNA).

   Phosphate Group
        |
        |
   Sugar molecule
        |
        |
   Nitrogenous Base

Periodic table (what is it?)

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Phosphate/phosphate group (what kind of molecule is this found in?)

The phosphate group is found in various molecules, including nucleotides (such as ATP and DNA), phospholipids, and certain proteins.

Phospholipid (what kind of molecule is it?)

A phospholipid is a type of molecule that consists of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. It is a major component of cell membranes. The hydrophilic head contains a phosphate group, while the hydrophobic tails are made up of fatty acid chains.

Phospholipid bilayer (what part of a cell is made of this? Can you draw a simple one and label hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas?)

<p>The phospholipid bilayer is a major component of the cell membrane.

Here's a simple diagram:</p><p></p><p>

In the diagram, the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids are labeled as "H" and the hydrophobic tails are labeled as "T".</p>

Polarity (what does this mean?)

Polarity refers to the positive or negative charge of an object or molecule.

It describes the distribution of electrons in a chemical bond.

A polar molecule has an uneven distribution of charge, with one end being slightly positive and the other end slightly negative.

This occurs when there is a difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved in the bond.

Nonpolar molecules, on the other hand, have an even distribution of charge.

Polymer (what does this mean?)

A polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers.

These monomers are chemically bonded together to form a long chain or network structure.

Polymers can be found in various natural and synthetic materials, such as plastics, rubber, proteins, and DNA.

Polysaccharide (what kind of biomolecule is it? What does the poly- prefix tell you?)

Polysaccharide is a type of biomolecule for Carbs.

The prefix "poly-" indicates that it is a polymer, meaning it is composed of repeating subunits called monosaccharides.

Protein (incl a food source, monomer, example of a function, elements used)

Protein is composed of amino acids.

A common food source of protein is meat.

The monomer of protein is an amino acid.

An example of a function of protein is enzyme catalysis.

Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen elements.

CHON

Proton (Where is it found in an atom? What charge does it have?)

A proton is found in the nucleus of an atom and carries a positive charge.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) (what kind of biomolecule is it? What nitrogenous bases does it have?)

RNA is a type of nucleic acid biomolecule.

It consists of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).

Transcription (basically what does it do?)

eukaryote:happens in nucleus

prokaryote: happens in cytoplasm

enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to molecule of DNA and travels along it until finds the start of a gene.

unzips section of DNA to read the base sequence

builds molecule of mRNA

zips back up

releases mRNA and pops off of DNA strand

mRNA leaves nucleus

Translation (basically what does it do?)

happens in cytoplasm

organelle called ribosome attached to mRNA and reads it in groups of 3 bases called codons

each codon specifies an amino acid

reads each start codon and adds each corresponding anti-codon to a growing polypeptide

polypeptide bends and folds into a protein w/ a specific shape

tRNA carries specific amino acid

Thymine (what is it? What does it pair with? Which is it in: DNA and/or RNA?)

Thymine is a nitrogenous base found in DNA.

It pairs with Adenine through hydrogen bonding.

Thymine is not found in RNA; instead, RNA contains Uracil, which pairs with adenine.

Uracil (what is it? What does it pair with? Which is it in: DNA and/or RNA?)

Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in nucleic acids.

It pairs with Adenine in RNA, forming a complementary base pair.

However, uracil is not present in DNA, where thymine replaces it as a complementary base.