Human geo unit 5

Agriculture

The practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fiber, and other products.

Koppen Climate Classifications

A system for classifying the world's climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Agriculture that includes crops such as grapes, olives, and citrus fruits, typically found in regions with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.

Commercial Agriculture

Farming for profit, where crops are grown for sale in the market.

Bid-Rent Theory

An economic theory that explains the land use patterns in urban areas based on the costs of land closer to the market.

Intensive Agriculture

An agricultural production system characterized by high input and high output per unit of agricultural land.

Monocropping

The agricultural practice of growing a single crop species over a wide area for many consecutive years.

Monoculture

The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

Crop Rotation

The practice of growing different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to improve soil health and reduce pests.

Agriculture

The practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fiber, and other products.

Koppen Climate Classifications

A system for classifying the world's climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Agriculture characterized by the cultivation of crops like grapes, olives, and citrus fruits in regions with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming system where farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.

Commercial Agriculture

Farming for profit, where crops are grown for sale in the market.

Bid-Rent Theory

An economic theory explaining land use patterns in urban areas based on costs of land closer to the market.

Intensive Agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by high input and output per unit of land.

Monocropping

The agricultural practice of growing a single crop species over a wide area for many consecutive years.

Monoculture

The cultivation of a single crop in a specific area.

Crop Rotation

The practice of growing different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to improve soil health.

Plantation Agriculture

A form of commercial agriculture that involves large-scale farming of one or two crops for sale.

Market Gardening

The small-scale production of vegetables and fruits, often sold directly to consumers.

Mixed Crop and Livestock

An agricultural system that combines the cultivation of crops with the raising of livestock.

Extensive Agriculture

A farming system characterized by low inputs of labor and capital per unit of land area.

Shifting Cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture where communities farm a plot for a few years and then move to a new plot.

Slash and Burn

An agricultural practice that involves cutting and burning plants to create fields for cultivation.

Nomadic Herding (Pastoral Nomadism)

A type of subsistence agriculture based on herding animals and moving them to find fresh pastures.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Domestication

The process of adapting wild animal and plant species for human use.

Agricultural Hearth

The geographic region where agriculture first developed.

Fertile Crescent

An area in the Middle East known for its rich soils and early agricultural development.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World after 1492.

First Agricultural Revolution

A period around 10,000 B.C. when humans transitioned from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled agriculture.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period of agricultural development in the 17th and 18th centuries, marked by innovations in farming techniques.

Third Agricultural Revolution

A period from the mid-20th century onwards characterized by the use of technology, fertilizers, and high-yield crops.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Green Revolution

A series of research and development initiatives that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in developing countries.

Infrastructure

The basic physical systems of a country's transport, communication, and utilities.

Agribusiness

The business of agricultural production, including farms, seed supply, and food processing.

Hybrid Seeds

Seeds that are a cross between two different plant varieties to produce specific traits.

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production or distribution.

Commodity Chain

The series of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity.

Farm Subsidies

Financial support provided by the government to farmers to supplement their incomes.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries.

Von Thunen Model

An economic model that explains agricultural land use in relation to market location and transportation costs.

Global Supply Chain

The network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a product.

Cash Crop

A crop that is grown for direct sale rather than for personal consumption.

Fair Trade

A trading partnership that seeks greater equity in international trade, ensuring fair wages and working conditions.

Agricultural Landscapes

The visible features of an area of land as modified by agricultural practices.

Agroecosystem

A system that includes the crops, livestock, and the environment in which they exist.

Deforestation

The large-scale removal of trees from forests, impacting the ecosystem.

Terracing

The practice of creating flat areas on sloped land to grow crops.

Reservoirs

Artificial lakes created to store water for irrigation and other uses.

Aquifers

Underground layers of water-bearing rock that store groundwater.

Wetlands

Areas where water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface, often rich in biodiversity.

Desertification

The process by which fertile land becomes desert, often as a result of drought or deforestation.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat, important for ecosystem health.

Salinization

The accumulation of salts in soil, often due to irrigation practices.

Biotechnology

The use of living systems and organisms to develop products, typically in agriculture.

Precision Agriculture

An agricultural management approach that uses technology to monitor and manage field variability.

Food Security

The condition in which all people have physical and economic access to sufficient food.

Food Insecurity

The state of being without reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable, nutritious food.

Suburbanization

The population shift from urban areas to suburbs, often leading to the spread of cities.

Food Deserts

Urban areas where it is difficult to access affordable and nutritious food.