CFB 12 - Nutrition, Water Soluble Vitamins

false... but the name comes from that original false belief (vita-life, amine-protein)

T/F: vitamins are protein components

organic substances (C, O, some N)

naturally occur in food in small amounts

needed for human body functioning

all vitamins can be obtained from the diet

Important facts about vitamins

Vitamin D (skin from sunlight)

Vitamin A (beta carotene)

Niacin B3 (AA tryptophan)

Biotin (intestinal bacteria)

What vitamins can be synthesized by the human body?

B complex group and C

water soluble vitamins

travels feely

water soluble vitamins can transport:

directly into blood stream (except B12, stored in liver)

water soluble vitamins absorption:

freely circulating in water-filled parts of body, no storage except B12

water soluble vitamins storage:

kidneys detect and remove excess amounts in urine

water soluble vitamins excretion:

unlikely to reach toxic levels because no stores and excrete regularly (except niacin)

water soluble vitamins toxicity:

needed in frequent, small doses (because no storage)

water soluble vitamins requirements:

A,D,E,K

fat soluble vitamins

into lymph then blood

fat soluble vitamins TRANSPORT

False!

T/F: fat soluble vitamins are also easily dissolvable in water

may require protein carriers

fat soluble vitamins transport

less readily excreted, remains in fat-storage sites

fat soluble vitamins excretion:

likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in excess

fat soluble vitamins toxicity

needed in periodic doses (NOT daily!)

fat soluble vitamins requirements

Ascorbic acid, ascorbate

Chemical name for vitamin C

False!! (true in most animals except us)

T/F: vitamin C can be made endogenously from glucose in humans

stable when cold/dry/in acid

oxidized by air, alkaline anvironment, heat, light, presence of other minerals

only 85% would remain in closed contained after 8 days - why you get less vitamin C from orange juice!!!

When is vitamin C stable vs oxidized/lost?

1. increases iron absorption

2. biosynthesis of neurotransmitters

3. reducing agent (antioxidant, protects other antioxidants)

4. collagen production (more than 1/3 body protein)

5. detoxifies

6. wound healing

7. hormone production/release

Function of vitamin C in general (7)

Not stored - just body pools

- 4000mg high

- 1500mg normal

- 300mg deficient (scurvy)

Excess excreted by kidneys

Bioavailability is 100% for 15-200mg doses

- feedback mechanism: absorption decreases as intake increases

Storage of vitamin C

Children: 15-75mg/day (age dependent)

Adults:

- men: 90mg/day

- women: 75mg/day

Adult upper limit: 2000mg

How much vitamin C do we need?

-Integrity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts, tissues, bones and teeth

-Rate of dentin formation directly related to Vitamin C levels

-Strong correlation between low Vitamin C and periodontal disease

-Easily hemorrhaging gingiva in absence of vitamin C

Function of vitamin C in mouth

acidic fruits, leafy veggies

kiwi

guava

red pepper

very easy to meet your needs with diet!!!

Food sources of Vitamin C

Smokers - cell damage, free radicals

- 115/130mg per day (women/men respectively

Pregnant women

- 80-85 mg per day

Lactating women

- 115-120 mg per day

Injured, stressed, infection

- 200 mg per day

Those with oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, and during high collagen synthesis need more!

People who need more vitamin C

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficency can lead to...

Scurvy

- individuals with peculiar diets

- bachelor scurvy case

(high carb diet, omit fruits/veggies)

- alcoholics/drug addicts

- poor and elderly with bad diet

- cancer cachexia/malabsorption

all are risk factors for...

True

T/F: If left untreated, scurvy is fatal

Scurvy

early on: weakness/lethargy

hemorrhages, hyperkeratosis, erythema/purpura, bleeding into skin/subcutaneous tissues/muscles/joints, coiled hairs, breakdown of wounds, depression, fever, shortness of breath, confusion

are all examples of symptoms...

affects tooth development, pulpal hemorrhage in infants, can affect pulp & dentin

bleeding gums, pulpal hemorrhage, irregular dentin

Dental implications of scurvy...

Too much vitamin C:

increased risk for kidney stones, sickling in sickle cell anemia, hemochromatosis, rebound scurvy

Symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity

fibroblasts

osteoblasts

odontoblasts

tissues

bones

teeth

Integrity of what 6 tissue components are related to vitamin C?

directly related to vitamin C levels

rate of dental formation is.....

periodontal disease

strong correlation between low vitamin C and....

Easily hemorrhaging

In absence of vitamin C, what happens to gingiva?

energy releasing*, function as catalysts for carbohydrate/fat/protein/AA metabolism & hematopoiesis

*not energy producing!!

General function of vitamin B

FALSE - it is adequate

T/F: US diet is inadequate in vitamin B

8 - originally thought to be one vitamin

"The great eight"

How many B vitamins are there

True!

T/F: B vitamins are found in the same foods

False! deficiency occurs with multiple B vitamins at once

T/F: Isolated deficiencies of vitamin B are common

swollen, strawberry colored tongue

edema of oral mucosa

inflammation of oral mucosa

three oral signs of vitamin B deficiency

False

T/F: Extra vitamin B gives you more energy

Thiamin

1.1-1.2 mg/day (women & men respectively)

degrades under similar conditions as vitamin C

antithiaminase in raw shellfish

excessive consumption is benign

found in energy drinks

sources: eggs, bananas, cheese, milk, veggies, grains, nuts, meats

easily available in a health diet

Vitamin B1

Riboflavin (means yellow)

coenzyme form

- FAD,FMN, glucose metabolism

supports antioxidant activity of glutathione peroxidase

seen in energy drinks

1.1-1.3 mg/day (women & men respectively)

similar food sources and destroying mechanisms to B1

Vitamin B2

Niacin

Two forms: Nicotinic acid/nicotinamide

Coenzyme forms: NAD, NADP

Function:

- citric acid cycle, ETC

- glucose metabolism & FA synthesis

- steroid formation

- RBC formation

- needed for 50 metabolic reactions

14-16 mg/day (women & men respectively)

can be synthesized from AA tryptophan

Stable in heat, acid, alkali, oxygen

Mostly found in meats

Vitamin B3

Was originally confused with nicotine! NOT the same or even close to the same

Why is nicotinic acid called niacin?

Pantothenic Acid "from every side"

NO RDA

deficiency is rare

coenzyme form: coA in metabolism

food sources:

- whole grain

- legumes

- beef liver

- brewers yeast

Vitamin B5

Mushrooms

Which food is commonly associated with having a variety of B vitamins?

Pyridoxine

coenzyme form: PLP

- protein metabolism

- gluconeogensis

- carb/fat metabolism

- convert tryptophan to niacin

- can make methionine

- hemoglobin synthesis

- neurotransmitter synthesis

Vitamin B6 deficiency will cause microcytic anemia

RDA: 1.2-1.3 mg/day

- oatmeal, beans, pistachios, cereal

Vitamin B6

Cobalamin

dark red color

RDA: 2.4 micrograms/day

metabolism of purine/pyrimidines & production of neurotransmitters, myelin sheath

deficiencies in elderly, alcoholics, vegans

eating dairy, meats, seafood can help meet requirements

Vitamin B12

biotin & folate (folic acid)

Excluding vitamin B1/2/3/5/6/12, what are the last two B vitamins?

coenzyme: biocytin in RNA/DNA synthesis

NO RDA

little chance for deficiency (except children with conditions or drugs that block absorption)

avidin in raw egg whites can cause deficiency if you eat a large amount

Important facts about biotin

Coenzyme: THFA (tetrahydrofolic acid)

RDA: 400 micrograms/day (UL of 1000)

- Pregnancy requires 600 micrograms/day to avoid neural tube defects, spina bifida, paralysis: occurs in first 30 days of development!

can get from cereal, orange juice, lentils

Important facts about folate

Bacteria in large intestine produce

Small intestine absorbs

Biotin in large intestine vs small intestine

strawberry/swollen tongue, edema of oral mucosa, inflammation of oral mucosa

Symptoms of Vitamin B deficiency (generally)

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

- dry: Nervous system

- wet: GI/Cardiovascular system

symptoms: weakness, nerve degeneration, irritability, nerve transmission lost, poor coordination, calf pain

Beri Beri is

elderly, alcoholics, restrictive diet, developing countries

At risk populations for vitamin B1 deficiency

Encephalopathy

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

linked to alcoholism!

- cause cell damage: stomach cells are not absorbing nutrients

- inadequate diet due to alcohol consumption

nervous system effects

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

- rare but alcoholics/sedative users

- inflammation of mouth/tongue

- NS effects

Ariboflavinosis is

Niacin (B3) deficiency

Pellagra is

4 D's

Diarrhea, Dematitis, Dementia, Death

Pellagra is characterized by..

-Occurs in elderly, alcoholism,

-medication prevent absorption of vitamin B6, renal dialysis

Pyridoxine B6 deficiency

neural tube defects, spina bifida, paralysis

Folate deficiency in pregnancy can lead to...

B12 deficiency

*if antidepressants don't work, patients may have a vitamin B12 deficiency!

Irreversible nerve damage, impaired neurological function, confusion, gait/position impairment, pernicious anemia are signs of...

oral symptoms: glossitis, red, sore, smooth, burning tongue

nontoxic

Benefits: lowers LDL, increases HDL

Adverse effects: flushing (vasodilator), liver toxicity

Benefits/Adverse effects of Niacin

True, multiple types of B vitamins have the same food source. Deficiency will occur with multiple B vitamins at once

T/F: Isolated Vitamin B deficencies are rare

carbohydrate metabolism - thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B5, biotin

fat metabolism - biotin, B5

amino acid/protein metabolism - B6, B5, biotin

hematopoiesis - B6, folate, B12

B vitamins are all coenzymes that work as catalysts for... (4)

provides B vitamins

How does fiber relate to vitamins?

B5, Biotin, B6, Folate, B12

Hematopoietic vitamins

Anemia

Condition of low hemoglobin levels can be called....

microcytic - shrunken blood cells

deficiency in vitamin B6 or iron

macrocytic - enlarged blood cells

deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate

Two types of anemia