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Flashcards on Astronomy, Space, Chemistry, Electricity and Ecology
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Astronomy
The study of space and what is beyond Earth.
Astronomical Unit (AU)
160,000,000 km; the distance from earth to the sun
perihelion
When the earth is closest to the sun; Also called the long axis. It is 147 000 000 km away from the sun.
aphelion
When the earth is farthest from the sun; Also called short axis. It is 150 000 000 km away from the sun.
Equinoxes
Happens twice a year when the earth is tilted, facing the side, meaning the tilt isn’t facing towards or away from the sun. There are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of night during these times
Solstices
Happens twice a year when the earth is either tilted towards or away from the sun.
Luminous
An object that creates/produces its own energy that gets converted into different forms like light and heat
Non-Luminous
Objects which cannot produce their own energy.
Satellites
Objects in space which orbit or circle around a much bigger object
Universe
everything that has been made/exists; All matter and energy
Galaxy
A system of stars, stellar remains, and Nebula (gas and dust in space), bound (held together) by gravity.
Geocentric Model
First model where the Earth was in the middle and everything revolved around it
Heliocentric Model
Second model where the sun was in the middle and the earth, planets, moon, and everything revolved around it
Umbra
the dark inner shadow from the earth
penumbra
the pale outer shadow from the earth
corona
the ring around the moon during a solar eclipse
Nuclear Fusion
hydrogen atoms clashing together to create energy
Solar Flare
tiny flames coming out of the corona
Solar prominence
large sheets of glowing gases moving from the chromosphere
Nuclear Fusion
Hydrogen atoms colliding together to become fused, and turn into heavier elements
Luminosity
The movements of a star’s energy
Spectroscopy
One of the most important tools used by astronomers where light is broken into its components and used to find info about composition, temperature, magnetic field and age of a celestial body
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has a mass
Pure Substance
Made up of one type of particle, the same throughout, definite composition and can only be separated by chemical means
Mixture
2 or more pure substances combined together and more than one phase can be seen and it may be able to be physically separated
Homogeneous
Often referred to as solutions where 2 substances combined but only one phase can be seen
Heterogeneous
2 or more substances combined, 2 phases/states can be seen, physical separation is possible and has various compositions
Suspension
The heavier particles settle at the bottom meaning you have to shake it
Colloid
Contains very small particles that combine together. You can’t see the particles, they are too small but they are there
Emulsion
Many phases combined together and make one thing
Malleability
Can be hammered or bent into different shapes
Hardness
Describes how resistant a surface is to being scratched
Luster
Describes whether matter is shiny or dull
Viscosity
Describes how well a liquid flows
Ductility
Can be spun or drawn into long thin wires
Solubility
The ability of a substance to be dissolved
Opaque
Cant see through it at all
Transparent
Can see through clearly
Translucent
Can be seen through slightly (cloudy)
Density
The amount of matter per unit volume
Melting point
Point at which a substance melts
Boiling point
Point at which a substance boils
Freezing point
Point at which a substance freezes
Qualitative Observations
Uses words to describe a substance
Quantitative
Uses numbers and units to describe matter
Chemical properties
Describes how matter behaves in a chemical reaction
Chemical Change
New substances form that have different properties from the original substance
Physical Change
When a substance goes through physical changes, no new substances are formed, only shape, size, or form has changed
Periodic Table
Arranged in 1869 by Dimitri Mendeleev by increasing atomic mass
Metals
Shiny, solid, silvery metals that are great conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals
Located on the right side of the staircase and can be liquid or gas or solid at room temperature and insulators
Metalloids
Have properties of both metals and nonmetals
Alkali Metals
Row 1 of the periodic table, shiny, silvery, soft metals that are most reactive
Alkaline Earth Metals
Row 2 of the table, easily found in nature, fairly reactive and almost always appears as a compound
Halogens
Row 17 of the table, most are gases at room temperature and most reactive nonmetals
Noble Gases
All gases at room temperature and non reactive- inert gases
Protons
Positively charged, found in the nucleus and are heavy
Neutrons
Neutral or no charge, found in nucleus, are heavy (like protons)
Electrons
Negatively charged, found in electron cloud, very light and move fast
Valence electrons
Electrons found in the outermost electron shell/orbit that are important for bonding
Chemical Bonds
Creating compounds (2 or more elements combined) involves valence electrons
Static Electricity
A stationary charge will build up on an object through contact
Current Electricity
Electrons moving along a path creating a circuit
Conductors
A substance that allows electrons to flow through it freely
Insulators
A substance that will hinder the flow of electrons through it
Grounding
Process of connecting an electrical system to the earth’s surface
Charging by friction
Need an electrostatic series and all objects begin as neutral, whichever object is higher on the list will lose their electrons and give to the other object. The objects are now positive and negative instead of neutral
Charging by Conduction
Involves contact between a charged object (+ or -) and a neutral object, After contact both objects with be the same charge (electrons transfer)
Charging by Induction
Involves no contact between a charged object and a neutral one, the charged object (+ or -) is brought close to, but not touching, the neutral object and the object is charged by induction will have the opposite charge of the charged object
Four parts of a circuit
Power source, connecting wire, load (device) and control device (switch)
Series Circuit
1 path only for electrons to flow, in the shape of a square where components are in line
Parallel Circuit
More than 1 path for electrons to flow through, in the shape of a rectangle where there is independent control of devices in different branches of flow
Open Circuit
No electron flow and non operative
Closed Circuit
Allows for flow and devices are operational
Voltage (or potential difference)
The force/push applied to electrons as they move around a circuit (energy) measured in Volts
Current
The amount of electrons moving past a point in a circuit at a given time (speed) measured in Amps
Resistance
The measure of how much a conductor fights the flow of electrons measured in Ohms (R)
Ohm’s Law
States that the current flow through a conductor between 2 points is proportional to the voltage
Electrical efficiency
If an electrical device was perfect, all the electrical energy would be converted into intended output energy (E out) and some of the energy will always be converted to thermal energy
Why would the fuse blow?
If the electrons in the circuit dont have any work to do then the fuse would blow.
Habitat
place where an organism lives on land, water, or air
Atmosphere
Extends 600 km above the surface of the earth made up of several layers -eg. Troposphere weather occurs here
Lithosphere
Made up of 2 outer layers: crust and upper mantle consists of plates that move slowly on a viscous layer called the asthenosphere
Hydrosphere
All of the water on earth, 70% of the earth’s surface
Biosphere
Area within the the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere where all living things exist
Biotic
living things
Abiotic
non living things
Transpiration
Plants exhaling h2o vapour into the atmosphere
Nitrogen Fixation
Lightning is a massive static electrical discharge in soil that nitrogen fixes bacteria through
Denitrifying Bacteria
a type of bacteria that remove nitrogen components from solid waste and decaying organisms
Population Density Dependant
Factors that affect population growth due to the density of the population
Population density independent
Factors that affect members of the population regardless of the population density
Community
Different species living in the same ecosystem
Predation
Something chases, catches and eats another living thing
Competition
2 different organisms that rely on the same resource (food, water)
Symbiosis
Relationship between 2 organisms that live together in close contact
Fertilizers
Chemicals that are used to increase the growth and production of plants
Pesticides
Chemicals that are designed to kill pests (insects and animals)
Litter
Made of decomposed grasses and leaves (source of nitrogen) and protects soil by limiting temperature change in soil and helps to reduce water loss by evaporation
Top Soil
Made up of small rocks, decayed animals and plant matter - “humus” is decayed matter (source of nitrogen)