med surg exam 2- diabetes

HHNK

-hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome

-more frequent than type 2 diabetes

-severe complication of type 2 diabetes characterized by extremely high blood sugar and severe dehydration

-occurs when high blood glucose levels lead to hyperosmolarity (blood that is too concentrated) and the body loses large amounts of water through excessive urination

diabetic ketoacidosis

-more frequent in Type I diabetes

-hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration

-lack of insulin to transport glucose to cells (for energy) leads to breakdown of fat by liver (glycogen to glucose)

-this leads to increased ketones,

-acidosis can lead to vomiting which can result in more electrolyte loses

-can lead to coma & death!!!!!!

hypoglycemia

-also known as “insulin reaction”, commonly seen in Type 1 clients, but may be seen in Type 2

• may be caused by:

– insulin overdose

– omitting meals, eating less than usual

– overexertion, over-exercising

– nausea & vomiting

– Aacohol intake (ineffective liver, causes decreased glucose release from liver)

-characterized by BG levels < 70 mg/dl (why is this bad)

somogyi effect

-undetected hypoglycemia during sleep causing the body to mobilize glucose reserves resulting in rebound hyperglycemia and potentially DKA

-treatment is less insulin

peak action of regular insulin

2-3 hours

diabetic diet

-non-starchy vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, spinach, carrots

-fruits: berries, apples, oranges, pears

-whole grains: brown rice, quinoa, oats, whole-wheat bread

-lean proteins: chicken, fish, tofu, beans

-healthy fats: olive oil, avocado, nuts

effect of exercise on blood sugar

-over exercising can cause hypoglycemia

-physical activity can lower your blood glucose up to 24 hours or more after your workout by making your body more sensitive to insulin