Nationalism

New Poor Laws (1834)

Laws that required parishes to provide work for those needing assistance, considered more stringent and less generous than previous laws.

Mines & Collieries Act of 1842

Legislation that prohibited women and girls from working underground in mines.

Factories Act of 1847

Legislation that limited working hours for women and children aged 13 to 18 to ten hours a day.

The 'Business Cycle'

A cycle of economic boom and recession influencing winners and losers in the Industrial Revolution.

Otto von Bismarck

Chief advisor and later Chancellor of Germany, known for his opportunistic but effective political strategies.

Zollverein

A free trade zone established by Friedrich List, promoting economic unity among German states.

Danish War (1864)

Conflict instigated by Prussia to create friction with Denmark and seize control of Schleswig and Holstein.

Seven Weeks War (1866)

Conflict between Prussia and Austria, leading to the creation of the North German Confederation and reduced Austrian influence.

Treaty of Prague (1866)

Agreement that ended the Seven Weeks War, establishing the North German Confederation.

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

War initiated by the Ems Dispatch, leading to the defeat of Napoleon III and the establishment of German unification.

Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)

Concluded the Franco-Prussian War, imposing harsh terms on France and formally unifying Germany.

'State Socialism'

Bismarck's policies aimed at alleviating social issues and gaining support from the working class while suppressing socialism.

Anti-Socialist Laws

Legislation aimed at curtailing the influence of socialism and protecting the state from perceived threats.

SPD (Social Democratic Party)

A political party in Germany representing the interests of workers and advocating for social reform, emerged from the conflict between revolutionaries and revisionists.

Bloody Week (Paris Commune)

The violent suppression of the Paris Commune by the French government, marked by widespread killings and turmoil.

Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)

Pact that resulted in France paying reparations to Germany and ceding Alsace-Lorraine, seen as a lenient peace.

Habsburg & Hohenzollern

Dynasties representing significant rival powers in Europe: the Habsburgs in Austria and the Hohenzollerns in Prussia.

Marxism vs. Socialism

Marxism advocates for revolution to abolish private property, while socialism seeks reform and gradual improvements without revolution.

'Macchievellian'

Describes a political approach characterized by cunning, scheming, and opportunism, often associated with Bismarck.