Upper Limb vs Lower limb
Why does extension happen on the posterior side in the lower limb?
Consequencive embryonic development
Consequencive embryonic development
around 8 weeks: limb rotation
before that, arms and legs grow as little buds
arm: supinates
leg: pronates
Lumbosacral plexus
All of the anterior rami that recombine to form these peripheral nerves come off of the ________ and ______ regions
lumbar and sacral
the lumbosacral plexus extends from __ to __
L2-S4
Femoral nerve
extensors of the knee
L2-L4
Obturator Nerve
adductors of hip (flexor)
L2-L4
Sciatic nerve
a combo of Tibial & fibular nerves (everything posterior)
L4 - S3
Tibial nerve
flexors of knee, plantar flexors & intrinsic flexors of foot
4-S3
Fibular nerve
(common peroneal)
Dorsiflexors, extensors, evertors of foot
L4-S2
arterial supply
ALL blood starts of in the:
Abdominal Aorta
AA then bifurcates to form the:
L and R common Iliac arteries
These bifurcate again to form:
Internal and external Iliac artery
external becomes:
Femoral artery
Femoral goes through the Adductor canal, then through a hole called adductor hiatus to become:
popliteal artery (back of the knee)
popliteal artery bifurcates to form:
anterior tibial artery
This sneaks through interosseous membrane and comes round to the anterior aspect and becomes:
the dorsal pedal artery (top of foot)
The other branch off popliteal is the:
posterior tibial artery
which runs along the interosseous membrane to become:
the medial plantar artery (bottom of foot)
This gives off a branch called:
fibular artery (supplies the lateral aspect the shank)
Internal and external iliac arteries
Internal IA:
supplies musculature and viscera of pelvis
External IA:
supplies lower limb
When the external artery passes through the ______ it becomes the femoral artery
Inguinal ligament
*Deep artery of the thigh comes off of femoral artery
there are _ routes of venus blood
2
((deep veins - blue) - same as arteries)
(superficial veins - green)
deep veins are responsible for
returning blood during exercise
superficial veins are responsible for
returning blood at rest
Fascia lata
fascial sleeve, continuous with both the:
inguinal ligament
inferior abdominal wall
It covers the whole leg (think of a pair of tights)
thickens on the Iliotibial tract
Deep fascia of the shank
“crural fascia”
divides shank into 3 compartments:
Anterior, lateral, posterior
remember compartment syndrome
The lower limb
Proximal femur
Femoral head
Indentation of the femoral head
Fovea
where the ligament of the head of the femur attaches
contains an artery
greater and lesser Trochanter
The pelvis
3 fused bones (plus sacrum)
→ The Ox Coxae
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Or…
Innominate bone
Hemipelvis
Acetabulum
The area where these come together to form the hip joint
In anatomical position, the pubis is:
Inferior to sacrum
(pelvis is tilted forward)
The Os Coxae Fossa
Fossae
Gluteal (orange)
Iliac (green)
Auricular surface
The area where the sacrum articulates with the Os Coxae
‘ear shaped”
Acetabulum
socket for hip joint
Obturator foramen
hole in inferior aspect
Pubic tubercle
where it joins with the other half
Iliac crest
where your hands go on your hips
Anterior superior Iliac spine (ASIS)
bony point right on anterior aspect
anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Posterior Superior & Posterior Inferior Iliac spine (PSIS) (PIIS)
Ischial spine and tuberosity
*sit on your isch
Lateral view of Acetabulum
The socket of the hip joint
labrum
lunate surface (covered by articular cartilage)
ligament of the head of the femur (attaches to fovea)
Bones of the pelvic girdle
radiograph of pelvis
Radiograph of femur
Ligaments of the pelvis
Sacrospinous
sacrum to ischial spine
Sacrotuberous
sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Sacroiliac
SI joint
Greater Sciatic foramen
Lesser Sciatic foramen
→ both formed from ligaments
Joints of the pelvis
3 joints
What kinds of of joints are the 3 joints of the pelvis?
Sacroiliac
synovial, Bilateral
Pubic Symphysis
cartilaginous (fibrocartilaginous disc)
Hip
Synovial, Bilateral
Sacroiliac joint
Sacrum + ilium joint
Bilateral
Synovial
Immobile (due to strong ligaments)
Anterior/ posterior sacroiliac
Pubic Symphysis
L + R pubic Rami
Cartilaginous joint - symphysis
Hyaline Cartilage on ends of bones, fibrocartilage disc in-between
Relatively immobile
during pregnancy, these joints become more mobile
Open book fracture
Separation of pubic symphysis
normal = 4-5mm
Pregnancy = 8-9mm
2 main causes:
diastasis symphysis pubis (during childbirth)
Traumatic injury
Complications:
substantial blood loss in pelvic cavity
Infection & hemorrhage
Summary