Patho exam 2 Range

Hgb

Adult Males: 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL.

Adult Females: 12.0 - 15.5 g/dL.

Hct

Males: 40-54%

Females: 36-48%

RBC

• Men: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/μL)

• Women: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/μL

Blood

Acute Blood Loss Anemia

Up to 50% RBC mass may be lost without s/s

Chronic Blood Loss

Asymptomatic until Hgb < 8 d/dL

Megaloblastic Anemia

Enlarged red cells (MCV> 100 fL)

WBC

5,000-10,000

Neutropenia

< 1000/mL

Platelet

150,000 to 450,000
Thrombocytopenia: < 150,000 platelet number
Thrombocytosis: Elevated platelet count > 1,000,000

Thrombocytopenia

< 150,000 platelet number

Thrombocytosis

Elevated platelet count > 1,000,000

Potassium

• Hypokalemia (low potassium): Levels below 3.5 mEq/L.

• Hyperkalemia (high potassium): Levels above 5.2 mEq/

Reticulocytes

approx 1%

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Hallmark: Lymphocytosis (WBC > 20,000)

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

WBCC > 150,000

Isotonic

0.9%

Hypotonic

0.45%

Hypertonic

3%

Serum osmolality

275-295 mOsm/kg

Sodium concentration

135-145 mEq/L

Potassium level on ECG

Hyperkalemia: Peak T Wave; Widened QRS range

Hypokalemia: Depressed ST segment; Low T wave; Peak U wave

Calcium

Hypocalcemia < 8.5 mg/dL(Increased neuromuscular excitability)

Hypercalcemia > 10.5 mg/dL(Decreased neuromuscular excitability)

Phosphate

Hypophosphatemia < 2.5 mg/dL
Hyperphosphatemia > 4.5 mg/dL

Magnesium

Hypomagnesemia < 1.8 mg/dL
Hypermagnesemia > 3.0 mg/dL

pH

7.35-7.45

UTI pH

6.5 to 7.5

Pac02

35 to 45 mm Hg

HC0₃

22-26 mEq/L

Partial pressure of oxygen

80-100 mm Hg

Transcellular Shift

Renal Calculi

Calcium stones (most common; oxalate)
Infection stones (Struvite)
Uric acid stones
Cystine stones

Specific Gravity Urine

1.001 to 1.030

Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria

3.5 g

AKI Mortality Rate

20-60%

Kidney Cardiac Output level

20-25%

Oliguric

U/O < 400 mL/day

Chronic Kidney Disease

kidney damage or GFR < 60 mL/min for 3 months or longer

Kidney failure

GFR < 15 mL/min accompanied by s/s of uremia

Transfusion Therapy

Whole blood- Volume replacement with significant blood loss

PRBC- Symptomatic anemia, platelets are not fully functional, WBCs not functional

Cryoprecipitate- Von Willebrand disease, Hemophilia A/B

Pneumothorax

Spontaneous: inciting event (Marfan syndrome? Tall people?), smoking vs.
pathological process (TB, CHF)
• Traumatic: penetrating/non-penetrating wound (rib fracture, GSW)
• Tension: Air enters but cannot leave-> causes buildup of air within pleural
cavity that compresses lung, cardiac structures and vena cava (life-
threatening)

(PF Ratio) Pa02/Fi02 ratio

Pa02 is 90 mmHg

Fi02 is 40%

(90/0.4=225)

Elevated Blood Pressure

Systolic 120-129 mm Hg

Diastolic <80 mm Hg

Stage 1 HTN Blood Pressure

Systolic 130-139 mm Hg

Diastolic 80-90 mm Hg

Stage 2 HTN

Systolic 130-139 mm Hg

Diastolic >90 mm Hg

Hypertensive Crisis

Systolic 180 mm Hg

Diastolic <120 mm Hg