Chapter 11- Animal Diversification

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of all animals?

d) They are reproducing sexually at some point in their life cycle.

2. The lineage that first separated from the common ancestor of all animals, and retains many of those primitive features to this day, includes which of the following modern organisms?

the sponge

3. Which of the following extant species is the most evolutionarily successful?

a) the house mouse (Mus domesticus)

b) the housefly (Musca domestica)

c) the Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)

d) Irukandji, the toxic jellyfish (Carukia barnesi )

e) All of the above species are equally successful because they are not extinct.

4. Sponges are sessile, meaning that they:

live attached to a solid structure and do not move around.

5. In cnidarians, cnidocysts are primarily used for:

d) prey capture and defense.

6. The mollusk’s mantle is used primarily for:

producing the shell.

7. Which of the following insect groups has the most species currently named by scientists?

beetles

8. Which is the only animal phylum to have more than a million described species?

arthropods

9. The phylum Arthropoda includes all of the following kinds of animals except:

snails.

10. Which of the following traits is unique to arthropods?

an exoskeleton

11. Which of the following are chordates?

a) fishes

b) humans

c) frogs

12. The two most important evolutionary innovations in vertebrates, which resulted in their eventual domination among the large animals, were:

jaws and amniotic eggs.

13. Which of these animals is a tetrapod that does not produce amniotic eggs?

salamander

14. Why is the amniotic egg considered a key evolutionary innovation?

It greatly increases the likelihood of survival of the eggs in a terrestrial environment.

15. Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

The egg, because the amniotic egg evolved well before the first birds.

16. Which of the following is not a reptile?

a) sparrow

b) snake

c) frog

d) turtle

e) dinosaur

17. Marsupials and which of the following groups combine to make a monophyletic group?

a) birds

b) carnivores

c) primates

d) monotremes

e) placental mammals

18. According to the fossil record, the first humans appeared approximately ______ years ago.

100,000 years ago.

adult

(Pertaining to insect developmental stages) In complete metamorphosis, the third and final stage of insect development.

amniote

Terrestrial vertebrates—reptiles, birds, and mammals— that produce eggs (called amniotic eggs) that are protected by a water-tight membrane and a shell.

amphibian

Members of the class Amphibia; ectotherms (that is, they are cold-blooded), with a moist skin, lacking scales, through which they can fully or partially absorb oxygen. They were the first terrestrial vertebrates. The young of most species are aquatic, and the adults are true land animals.

animal

Members of the kingdom Animalia; eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (that is, they cannot produce their own food) organisms. Many of these organisms have body parts specialized for different activities and can move during some stage of their lives.

annelid

arthropod

Phylum of worms having segmented bodies; protostomes with defined tissues, which grow by adding segments rather than by molting. There are about 13,000 identified species of segmented worms, including earthworms and leeches.

bilateral symmetry

A body structure with left and right sides, which are mirror images.

bivalve mollusk

Mollusks with two hinged shells; examples are clams, scallops, and oysters.

cartilaginous fishes

Fish species characterized by a skeleton made completely of cartilage, not bone.

cephalopod

Mollusks in which the head is prominent and the foot has been modified into tentacles; examples are octopuses and squids. Cephalopods have a reduced or absent shell and possess the most advanced nervous system of the invertebrates.

deuterostome

Bilaterally symmetrical animals with defined tissues in which the gut develops from back to front; the anus forms first, and the second opening formed is the mouth of the adult animal.

dorsal hollow nerve cord

The central nervous system of vertebrates, consisting of the spinal cord and brain.

ectotherm

Organisms that rely on the heat from an external source to raise their body temperature and seek the shade when the air is too warm.

endotherm

Organisms that use the heat produced by their cellular respiration to raise and maintain their body temperature above air temperature.

exoskeleton

A rigid external covering such as is found in some invertebrates, including insects and crustaceans.

flatworm

Worms with flat bodies that are members of the

phylum Platyhelminthes; characterized by well-defined head and tail

regions, with some having clusters of light-sensitive cells for eyespots.

Most are hermaphroditic and are protostomes that do not molt.

Examples are tapeworms and flukes.

gastropod

Mollusks that are members of the class Gastropoda; most have a single shell, a muscular foot for locomotion, and a radula used for scraping food from surfaces; examples are snails and slugs.

hair

Dead cells filled with the protein keratin that collectively serve as insulation covering the body or a part of the body; present in all mammals.

invertebrates

Animals that do not have a backbone; although commonly used in organizing the animals, invertebrates are not a monophyletic group.

larva

In complete metamorphosis, the first stage of insect

development; the larva is hatched from the egg and eats to grow large

enough to enter the pupa stage. The larva (for example, a caterpillar)

looks completely different from the adult (a butterfly or moth).

lobe-finned fishes

Fish species characterized by two pairs of sturdy lobe-shaped fins on the underside of the body.

mammary glands

Glands in all female mammals that produce milk for the nursing of young.

marsupial

Mammals in which, in most species, after a short period of embryonic life in the uterus, the young complete their development in a pouch in the female.

metamorphosis

The rebuilding of molecules from the larva

stage to the adult, resulting in a change of form. Complete

metamorphosis is the division of an organism’s life history into

three completely different stages; incomplete metamorphosis is the

pattern of growth and development in which an organism does

not pass through separate, dramatically different life stages.

monotreme

Present-day mammals that retain the ancestral condition of laying eggs. Monotremes are so called because they have a single duct, the cloaca, into which the reproductive system, the urinary system, and the digestive system (for defecation) open.

non-amniote

notochord

A rod of tissue from head to tail that stiffens the body

when muscles contract during locomotion. Primitive chordates retain

the notochord throughout life, but in advanced chordates it is present

only in early embryos and is replaced by the vertebral column.

pharyngeal slits

Slits in the pharyngeal region, between the back of the mouth and the top of the throat, for the passage of water for breathing and feeding.

placental

Mammals in which the developing fetus takes its nourishment from the transfer of nutrients from the mother through the placenta, which also supplies respiratory gases and removes metabolic waste products.

post-anal tail

A tail that extends beyond the end of the trunk, a point that is marked by the anus; a characteristic of chordates.

pupa

In complete metamorphosis, the second stage of insect

development, in which the larva is enclosed in a case and its body

structures are broken down into molecules that are reassembled into

the adult form.

protostome

Bilaterally symmetrical animals with defined tissues in which the gut develops from front to back; the first opening formed is the mouth of the adult animal.

radial symmetry

A body structure like that of a wheel, or pie, in which any cut through the center would divide the organism into identical halves.

ray-finned fishes

Fish species characterized by rigid bones and a mouth at the apex of the body; they are so called because their fins are lined with hardened rays.

roundworm

A worm phylum with members characterized by a long, narrow, unsegmented body and growth by molting. Roundworms, also called nematodes, are protostomes with defined tissues; there are some 90,000 identified species.

segmented worm

A worm phylum with members characterized by grooves around the body that mark divisions between segments. Segmented worms, also called annelids, are protostomes with defined tissues and do not molt; examples are earthworms and leeches.

sessile

Describes organisms that are fastened in place, such as adult mussels and barnacles.

tetrapod

An organism with four limbs; all terrestrial vertebrates are tetrapods.

vertebrates

Chordate animals that have a backbone (made of cartilage or hollow bones) and, at the front end of the organism, a head containing a skull, brain, and sensory organs.

viviparity

The characteristic of bearing young alive, giving birth to babies (rather than laying eggs).

Birds are ___________________, while turtles are _________________.

endotherms; ectotherms

Which of the following is not a Cnidarian?

shark

Squids, octopuses and nautiluses are ______.

Cephalopods

Although we studies 9 phyla of animals, there are greater than 30 phyla of animals.

True

Which is a common characteristic of the Mollusca?

Most have a shell that portects their soft body.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Echinodermata?

adults have 6 legs

Which of the following are chordates?

frogs

humans

fish

Correct:

All of the above are chordates.

____ are the largest and most diverse group of animals without a backbone.

Invertebrates

Most amphibians develop from eggs laid ____ and live as adults ______.

in water, on land

All animals have the ability to ____, at least at some stage of their life cycle.

move