environmental factors and casting/splinting

indication of casting/splinting

fracture

sprain

why do we cast/splint?

I - immobilize

S - stabilize

P - protect

materials for spinting/casting

plaster

fiberglass - breathes better, easier to modify

depends on patient, budget, problem

what to check after appliction

FACTS

F-function

A-arterial pulse

C-capillary refill

T- temperature

S - sensation

we want to keep the cast/splint

clean and dry

no items in the cast

hyperthemia

condition of excessive heat

heat transfer

metabolic heat production

more work = more heat produced

conduction

via physical contact

convection

via air or water movement

radiation

via electromagnetic waves (sunlight)

evaporation

via water carrying heat to skin and vaporizing

robert jones dressing

May be used temporarily to limit mobility of a joint. It is composed of soft padding materials (absorption dressing and cotton sheet wadding), splints, and an elastic wrap or bias-cut stockinette.

wrap posterior then under on the sides

lower extremity

volar splint

specifies a splint applied to the anterior forearm

wrist

4 heat transfers

conduction

convection

radiation

evaporation

unrestricted fluid/electrolyte replacement

fluid loss

prevention of heat illness

acclimatization

identify susceptible individuals

appropriate clothing/uniforms

body weight charts/monitoring

monitor heat index

hydration education

GSSI - gatorade sport science institute - NATA partner

KSI - korey stringer institute - doug casa

goal

replace fluids as losing them

maintain weight

replenishing afterwards

susceptible individuals

illness

previous heat illness

sickle cell trait

bmi

pg

pediatric

geriatric

heat index

takes into account ambient air, temperature, and relative humidity

attempts to determine how hot the temperature feels to the human body

WBGT

wet bulb globe temperature

provides an objective measure for determining precautions concerning participation in hot weather

calculated using psychrometer

psychrometer

uses two thermometers

dry bulb

wet bulb

dry bulb

measures ambient air temp

wet bulb

measures temps when water evaporates

heat index history

number representing the effect of temperature and humidity on humans by combining the 2 variables into an "apparent" temperature

was introduced as a replacement for temp humidity index in 1990

rothfusz regression equation

assumes temperatures in the shade and while walking at 3 mph, so add about 10 degrees to HI if you're in the sun

wet bulb globe temp

number representing the effect of temp, humidity, wind speed and visible and infrared radiation on humans, providing an apparent temp

wbgt equation

.7TW + .2TG + .1TD

TW = wet bulb temp

TG = black globe temp

TD = dry bulb temp

good tool

kestrel heat stress indicator

monitoring tools

kestrel

weather.gov

news8000 - local news

heat illness (hyperthermia) (5)

heat rash

heat syncope

heat cramps

heat exhaustion

heatstroke

heat cramps

neuromuscular control

dehydration

calf

muscle spasms

heat syncope

fainting that occurs when the body attempts to cool itself by dilating the blood vessels

heat rash

skin irritation

heat exhaustion

starting to get elevated core temp

98-102

not sweating as efficiently

headache

reversible

heatstroke

medical emergency

changes in consciousness

core temp above 102

acting weird

have to get body temp down rapidly

core temp

rectal temp

exertional heatstroke

EAP should be activated

immediately immerse the athlete in a cold water bath up to his or her neck

remove equipment and clothing

sponge and ice bags if no bath major arterial vessels

victims temp to lower 102 before hospital

exertional hyponatremia

fluid/electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood

exertional hyponatremia caused by

ingesting too much fluid before, during, after exercise

sodium deficiency in the diet or in ingested fluids over a period of prolonged exercise

athletes who ingest large quantities of water and sweat over several hours are at risk

ex: marathon and triathlon runners

prevention hyponatremia

ensuring fluid intake during exercise does not exceed fluid loss and that sodium intake is adequate

signs and symptoms hyponatremia

progressively worsening headache

nausea and vomiting

swelling of hands and feet

lethargy - sluggish, slow

apathy - don't care, counterproductive

agitation

low blood sodium

very low concentration of sodium can compromise the CNS, creating life threatening situation

treatment hyponatremia

if blood levels can't be determined on site, athlete should be immediately transported to medical facility

delivery of sodium, certain diuretics, or IV solutions may be necessary

hypothermia

frostbite

flash to bang method

divide by 5

five seconds per mile

ex: 20 sec count, 4 miles away

altitude sickness

nausea, headache, and dyspnea caused by exposure to low oxygen levels at high elevations

safety in lightning and thunderstorms

if thunder can be heard, lightning is close enough to be a potential danger

everyone move to safety

misconception with lighting

can see it and have time to act before it strikes

fatal

activities with lightning should be suspended

until 30 min after last strike seen ( or at least 5.75-6 miles away)

after last sound thunder heard

30 min clock restarts for each lightning flash witing range and thunder is heard

NATA position statements

exertional heat illness

preventing sudden death

lightning safety for athletic and recreation

environmental cold injuries

fluid replacement for physically active (domain IV)