(SUMMER) AP EURO VOCAB

Adoration

admiration or devotion in a certain person

Alchemy

an early, mystical form of chemistry that mixed science, philosophy, and magic, mainly aimed at trying to turn ordinary metals into gold and find a way to achieve immortality

Aristocracy

rule by a small privileged class, typically the hereditary nobility (people born into elite, high-status families with wealth and land).

Belligerent

hostile and aggressive; actively engaged in fighting or war

Celibacy

State of being unmarried

Classical

Cultural/artistic achievements of ancient Greece and Rome that have influenced Western civilizations

Commondities

A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type, seving as a building block for more complex products

Communal

Social structures/activities where property, resources or leisure were owned collectively or organized by the community rather than an individual

Conciliation

The process of resolving disputes/tensions/opposing groups to an agreement through comprimise, negotiations, or reconcilation

Confound

Actions/developmens that disrupted, challenged or made ineffective traditional system, expectations, or stratagies.

Consensus

A general agreement or shared opinion among a group society or politcal body

Contemptuous,

Showing disrespect/looking down on someone or something

Contentious,

Causing a disagreement argument or conflict

Decentralization,

The distribution of power away from a central government to regional or local authorities

Centralization,

The concentration of political power and authority in a central government or ruler

Decimate,

To destroy, kill or severely reduce a large part of something or somewhere

Demographic

,Characteristics of population like age gender ethicity income birthrate death rate or population size

Depreciate,

To decrease in value worth or importance over time

Despotic,

Ruling with total harsh control and in a cruel oppresive tyrannical way

Dislocation,

A disruption or displacement in normal social economic or political way

Domestic,

Countrys internal affairs rather than foreign or international power

Ecclesiastical, .

Relating to the church or organized religion as an institution

Emulate,

to copy or imitate someone/something, usually out of admiration or rivalry.

Equilibrium,

A state of balance where opposing forces or powers are roughly equal.

Fiscal,

Relating to government money: taxes, revenue, spending, and debt

Exacerbate

To make a problem or bad situation worse.

Exonerated,

Officially cleared of blame or guilt; found innocent.

Fragmentation,

The process of breaking apart into smaller, disconnected pieces.

Feudal,

the medieval social and political system where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service.

Gentry,

Wealthy landowners just below the nobility in social rank, without noble titles.

Identify,

to recognize, name, or point out what something is.

Impel

To push, drive, or urge someone to act.

Impetus

The force or driving factor that causes something to happen.

Imposition

The act of forcing something (a rule, tax, belief) onto someone

Indigenous

Native to a place; the original inhabitants of a region.

Liquidate

To eliminate completely, often used for violently destroying a group or opposition.

Monopoly

Complete control over a trade, industry, or resource with no competition

Obsolete

No longer used or useful; outdated

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a small group of people

Ordinance

An official order, rule, or law issued by an authority.

Persistence

Continuing on despite difficulty; not giving up

Pluralism

A system where multiple groups coexist and share power.

Predominant

The most common, powerful, or dominant.

Prestige

High status or respect due to achievement or reputation.

Proliferation

A rapid increase in the number or spread of something.

Pseudo-scientific

Claiming to be scientific without following real scientific methods.

Public morals

Shared standards of right and wrong behavior expected in society

Relinquished

Gave up or surrendered something (power, rights, control).

Revenue

Income, especially money collected by a government through taxes.

Rudimentary

Basic, simple, or undeveloped; an early form of something.

Salvation

Being saved, especially in a religious sense (from sin, to eternal life)

Scholasticism

A medieval method combining Christian theology with classical philosophy and logic.

Secular

Not religious; relating to worldly matters.

Seditious

Encouraging rebellion or resistance against a government.

Serfdom

A system binding peasants to the land, working for a lord with limited freedom.

Significant

Important; having meaning or notable impact.

Sovereignty

Supreme authority to govern oneself, especially a state's independence.

Squalor

Extreme dirtiness, poverty, and poor living conditions.

Stagnation

A lack of growth or progress; staying the same.

Subjugated

Brought under control by force; conquered.

Subordinate

Lower in rank; under the authority of someone/something else.

Subsequent

Coming after something in time; following.

Theology

The study of religious belief, especially the nature of God.

Undermine

To weaken or damage something gradually, often secretly.

Vanquish

To defeat completely, especially in battle.

Vernacular

The everyday, common language spoken by ordinary people