AP World History Unit 5: Revolutions

Montesquieu

Separation of powers

Voltaire

Free speech and religious toleration

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Rationalism

Reason is the most reliable source of knowledge

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Individualism

Basic element of society are individuals, not collective groups

Natural Rights

Humans are born with rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity

Social Contract

Human societies must construct governments of their own will to protect natural rights; Rosseau

Scientific Revolution

Biblical and religious authority switched to process of reasoning to understand how the world worked (Newton, Galileo, Copernicus)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Suffrage

the right to vote

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Seneca Falls Convention

national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Abolition

Great Britain banned slavery; U.S. did after American Civil War

Liberalism

Emphasizing civil rights, representative government, private property, and economic freedom.

Democracy

Citizens vote to influence governmental policies

Political Dissent

Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule

American Revolution

Began with the Declaration of Independence, where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Townshend Acts

Tax the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Sons of Liberty

Opposed new laws, used protests and violence against British tax collectors

Boston Massacre

British guards opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Tea Party

Protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

Boston Harbor closed, no town meetings, troops quartered in homes

Declaration of Independence

Signed by US revolutionaries, declared the United States as a free state.

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

The Constitution

Prevented tyranny, have a military and democracy, improvement from Articles of Confederation

Haitian Revolution

The only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

French Revolution

Overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

3 Estates

Clergy, nobility, commoners meet to create laws, each estate gets one vote. Commoners were majority but were always outvoted

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Jacobins

Political party who eliminated monarchy and created a republic.

Guillotine

device used during the Reign of Terror to execute by beheading

Reign of Terror

Led by Robespierre, during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

The Directory

After Reign of Terror, where five members were made as executives and denounced reign of terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Low-ranking artillery officer who saved French directory from royalists; united Italy and Germany into one nation

National Assembly

French political body formed by commoner representatives of the Third Estate that challenged authority of the monarchy. Shifted towards representative democracy and constitutional government for France.

Coalition Wars

a series of wars between Revolutionary France and most of Europe; general Napoleon led France to victory

Rise of Napoleon

Led coup against elected National Assembly and was made consul of France.

Code Napoleon

Promoted equality before the law, toleration of all religions, and outlawing serfdom and feudalism. It also took away women's rights and outlawed trade unions and strikes.

French Invasion of Russia

Napoleon's armies invaded Russia in the summer. The Russians led them deep into Russia. Winter came and the French armies froze without supplies and appropriate gear.

Congress of Vienna

To create long-term peace after Napoleon's rule; redraw borders and maintain power balance.

Latin American Revolution

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Letter from Jamaica

written by Simon Bolivar, 1815

German Unification

Chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Italian Unification

Italy was fragmented, but unified under King Emmanuel II.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Cottage System

production of goods within people's homes using hand tools

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. It was then applied to machinery.

Steamboat

A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once, invented by James Hargreaves

Cotton Gin

Separates cotton fiber from seed, increased cotton demand and slavery

Coal

Replaced wood as main fuel source of Europe during Industrial Revolution to power factories

Enclosure Acts

Removed access to open field system; forced people into cities and factories

Gin Panic

Alcohol consumption increased as a result of urbanization and factory life

Workhouse

The jobless/poor were sent here to do the worst jobs to motivate them to return to their factory jobs.

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

Selective Breeding

Choosing which animals to breed to fit farmers' needs

Seed Drill

Economically placed seeds in the most ideal location.

Land Reclamation

Converting forests into farms.

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Interchangeable Parts

Invented by Eli Whitney. Parts of products replaced instead of whole product.

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Pollution

Unsanitary and overcrowded cities spread diseases, increased air pollution

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Electricity

Thomas Edison invented light bulb, Michael Faraday's work in electro-magnetism

Iron Ships

More durable and faster than regular ships

Oil

Replaced coal as the main source of energy; dense and efficientT

Telegraph

Instant communication across wires

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

stock market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Industrial Working Class

lower class, horrible working conditions, factory workers

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Atheism

Rejection of religious belief and any notion of divine beings

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks, invented by Henry Ford

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods.

Tanzimat Reforms

A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply