General Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Review

Flashcards based on the provided Pharmaceutical Chemistry and General Chemistry lecture materials.

How is weight calculated from mass, and what is its SI unit?

Weight is calculated as $\text{Weight} = \text{Mass} \times \text{Pull of gravity}\ (9.8\,m/s^2)$, and its SI unit is the newton ($N$).

What is the key difference between intrinsic and extrinsic properties of matter?

Intrinsic properties do not depend on the amount of matter (e.g., density, boiling point, melting point), whereas extrinsic properties depend on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume, length).

Who is known as the 'Father of Antiseptic Surgery' and introduced phenol as a surgical antiseptic?

Joseph Lister.

What is the definition of phenol coefficient?

The ratio of the disinfectant dilution to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of the bacterium Salmonella typhi.

In nuclear changes, how do fusion and fission differ in terms of atomic nuclei?

Fusion involves 2 nuclei combining to form a heavier nucleus, whereas fission involves 1 nucleus splitting into lighter nuclei.

According to the reactivity series of metals, which element is the most reactive and which is the least reactive?

Potassium ($K$) is the most reactive, and Gold ($Au$) is the least reactive.

What do the mnemonics VDGEROA and VILEORA stand for in redox reactions?

VDGEROA stands for Valence Decreases, Gain Electrons, Reduction, Oxidizing Agent. VILEORA stands for Valence Increases, Lose Electrons, Oxidation, Reducing Agent.

What is the alternative name for the Law of Definite Proportion, and what does it state?

Also known as Proust's Law, it states that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.

Which scientist proposed the 'Plum pudding' or raisin bread model of the atom and discovered the electron via the Cathode Ray Tube?

J.J. Thomson.

What key atomic structure features were discovered by Ernest Rutherford through his Gold Foil Experiment?

He discovered the positively charged center (nucleus) and established that atoms consist mainly of empty space with electrons orbiting around.

What physical property of an electron orbital is determined by the Azimuthal (Angular) quantum number ($l$)?

The Azimuthal quantum number ($l$) determines the shape of an orbital in a subshell.

What does Pauli's Exclusion Principle state regarding electron quantum numbers in an atom?

An orbital can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons, and no two electrons in an atom can have the exact same set of four quantum numbers.

Based on the PiSo and PhiChlo mnemonics, what are the major cation and major anion in the extracellular fluid?

The major extracellular cation is Sodium ($Na^+$) [PiSo], and the major extracellular anion is Chloride ($Cl^-$) [PhiChlo].

What non-luminous flame test colors are observed for Sodium, Potassium, and Barium?

Sodium produces a persistent golden yellow flame, Potassium produces a violet flame, and Barium produces an apple green flame.

Which elements were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev as Eka-aluminum and Eka-silicon?

Eka-aluminum is Gallium, and Eka-silicon is Germanium.

How do ionization energy and atomic radius trend across the periodic table from left to right and top to bottom?

Ionization energy increases from left to right and bottom to top. Atomic radius increases from right to left and top to bottom.

How is the black phosphorus allotrope produced?

By heating phosphorus at $200\,^\circ\text{C}$ under a pressure of $1200\,\text{atm}$.

According to the USP classification of solubility, how many parts of solvent are required for 1 part of solute to be classified as 'Freely Soluble' versus 'Practically Insoluble'?

'Freely Soluble' requires $1\text{ to }10\,\text{mL}$ of solvent, while 'Practically Insoluble' requires $> 10000\,\text{mL}$ of solvent.

What is autoprotolysis, and what is a standard example of this process?

Autoprotolysis is a proton transfer reaction between two identical molecules (one acting as a Brønsted acid and the other as a Brønsted base), such as $2\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}_3\text{O}^+ + \text{OH}^-$.

What are the SI unit and non-SI unit for radioactivity, and how are they related?

The SI unit is the Becquerel ($Bq$, equal to 1 decay per second), and the non-SI unit is the Curie ($Ci$), where $1\,\text{Ci} = 3.7 \times 10^{10}\,\text{Bq}$.

What does the Third Law of Thermodynamics state?

The entropy of a perfect pure crystalline solid at absolute zero temperature ($0\,\text{K}$) is equal to zero.

Who disproved the Vital Force Theory, and what inorganic synthesis reaction did he perform?

Friedrich Wöhler disproved the theory by synthesizing urea from the inorganic precursor ammonium cyanate.

Which local anesthetics are classified as benzoic acid/amino ester derivatives versus amino amide derivatives?

Cocaine, Benzocaine, and Procaine are amino esters (benzoic acid derivatives), whereas Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, and Etidocaine are amino amides.

What core nuclei comprise the penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotic classes?

Penicillins contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid (beta-lactam ring fused to a thiazolidine ring), and Cephalosporins contain 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (beta-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring).

What organism produces Neomycin, and what are the major toxicities associated with the aminoglycoside class?

Neomycin is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. The major toxicities of aminoglycosides are ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, vestibulotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade.

What severe blood dyscrasia and neonatal toxicity are associated with Chloramphenicol?

Chloramphenicol causes Gray Baby Syndrome in neonates and Aplastic Anemia in adults (attributed to its nitro group).

What enzyme is inhibited by Sulfonamides, and which molecule do they compete with?

Sulfonamides competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthase by competing with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).

Which specific protective/rescue agents are administered with Cyclophosphamide, Cisplatin, and Methotrexate to reduce toxicity?

MESNA is given with Cyclophosphamide (to neutralize acrolein), Amifostine is given with Cisplatin (to prevent nephrotoxicity), and Leucovorin (folinic acid) is given with Methotrexate.

What are the mechanisms of action and key toxicities of Isoniazid and Ethambutol?

Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and causes peripheral neuropathy (treated with Pyridoxine/Vitamin B6). Ethambutol inhibits cell wall synthesis and causes optic neuritis.

What are the primary functional goals and common reaction types of Phase I and Phase II drug metabolism?

Phase I introduces small polar functional groups via oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. Phase II conjugates the drug/metabolite with complex endogenous species (e.g., glucuronic acid, sulfate, glutathione, acetyl groups) to form highly water-soluble excretable products.