nr222 unit 4 health promotion and risks for the newborn and infant (2/5)

A set of flashcards covering Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, including stages, conflicts, and outcomes as presented in the lecture.

Who was the German-American psychologist well known for his work on psychosocial development?

Erik Erikson

Which psychologist influenced Erik Erikson’s developmental theory?

Sigmund Freud

Erikson focused his developmental theory on the effects of which three influences?

Familial, social, and cultural influences

According to the theory, what must an individual accomplish before progressing to the next stage?

A certain task

How many opposing conflicts are present in each developmental task?

Two

What happens to a successfully mastered task during times of conflict or new situations?

It is challenged over and over

Which statement best reflects Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

It explains behavior in mastering developmental tasks.

What is the psychosocial conflict characteristic of infancy?

Trust versus mistrust

Establishing trust is a developmental task for infants from birth to what age?

$18$ months

How is trust attained in the infant stage?

When a consistent caregiver regularly meets the infant’s needs.

What does the formation of trust in an infant result in?

Hope and optimism

What specific recommendation should a nurse make to a new mother to help the infant develop trust?

Tend to the infant’s needs when cued

What is the psychosocial conflict of toddlerhood?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

How do toddlers develop autonomy as they become more independent?

By making choices

What leads to feelings of shame and doubt in a toddler?

Limiting choices or harsh punishment for poor choices

The formation of autonomy in toddlers results in which two qualities?

Willpower and self-control

What is the core psychosocial conflict for a preschool-aged child?

Initiative versus guilt

In preschoolers, conflicts occur between the child’s desire to explore and what else?

Limits placed on behavior

Besides limits on behavior, what caregiver action can lead to guilt in a preschooler?

Caregiver responses that are too harsh

What two behaviors do preschool-aged children need to learn at their stage of development?

Impulse control and cooperative behavior

The formation of initiative in preschoolers results in which two qualities?

Direction and purpose

What type of therapy is often used with preschoolers to help them cope with hospitalization?

Play therapy

What is the developmental characteristic where children believe dolls and stuffed animals have thoughts and feelings?

Animism

What is the psychosocial conflict of the school-aged child?

Industry versus inferiority

What are school-aged children naturally eager to learn?

Social skills

On what do school-aged children thrive, especially in the learning environment?

Accomplishment and praise

What two factors can cause a child to develop inferiority during the school-aged stage?

Lack of proper academic support or if new skills are too difficult

What must children achieve to develop industry?

Real accomplishments

The formation of industry results in which quality?

Competence

If a $10$-year-old child is more attentive to friends than family, what does this demonstrate?

Peer relationships are very important at this stage of development.

What is the psychosocial conflict experienced during the adolescent stage?

Identity versus role confusion

With what does the adolescent become preoccupied due to physiological changes of puberty?

Appearance and body image

What essential question marks the beginning of identity development?

“Who am I?”

Acquiring a sense of identity is crucial for what future activity?

Adult decision-making

The formation of identity results in which virtue?

Fidelity

What is the psychosocial conflict of the young adult stage?

Intimacy versus isolation

When is a young adult ready to love and care for others?

Once they have developed a sense of their identity

What two things does a young adult search for to avoid isolation?

Meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship

Why does a young adult become isolated if intimacy is not achieved?

Due to fear of rejection and disappointment

The formation of intimacy results in which virtue?

Love

What is the psychosocial conflict of the middle adult stage?

Generativity versus stagnation

How does a middle adult support future generations?

Through parenting, teaching, mentoring, and community involvement

What expansion is essential for the middle adult stage?

Expanding personal and social involvement

What is the result of the inability to assist future generations in middle adulthood?

Stagnation

The formation of generativity results in which virtue?

Caring

What is the psychosocial conflict of the older adult?

Integrity versus despair

As an older adult, what is the primary goal when reviewing life?

To review life with a sense of satisfaction

In an older adult, what results if they view their life as a failure?

Despair and regret

The formation of integrity results in which virtue?

Wisdom

If a school-aged child has difficulty at school and receives little positive feedback at home, which crisis will occur?

Inferiority