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name 3 diamines
cadaverine
putrescine
histamine
how can these diamines be produced PM
diamines may be produced postmortem from the decarboxylation of specific free amino acids in fish or shellfish tissue
The decarboxylation process can proceed through two biochemical pathways:
1. endogenous decarboxylase enzymes naturally occurring in fish or shellfish tissue or
2. exogenous enzymes released by the various microorganisms associated with the
seafood products
what have been implicated as the causative agent in a number of scombroid food poisonings.
biogenic amines, particularly histamine
clinical signs of scrombroid food poisoning are more severe in
Clinical signs are more severe in people taking medications that inhibit enzymes that normally detoxify histamine in the intestine.
more histidine and histamine were found in white or red muscle of fish?????
white rather than in red muscle
how are a variety of micro-organisms able to produce biogenic amines?
by the production of cadaverine and putrescine by microorganisms
what bacteria are able to produce histamines and other biogenic amines
• Morganella spp.,
• Proteus morganii,
• Proteus spp.,
• Hafnia alvei,
• and Klebsiella spp.
most scrombotoxin result from: extrinsic or intrinsic spoilage
extrinsic
through the growth of certain bacteria, generally members of the family enterobacteriaceae
The rates of biogenic amine (cadaverine and putrescine) formation in fish can be summarized as follows:
whole ungutted fish > fillets from whole ungutted fish; fillets > whole gutted fish
what processing operations may be capable of inhibiting or inactivating biogenic amine-producing microorganisms
freezing, salting, or smoking may be capable of inhibiting or inactivating biogenic amine-producing microorganisms
however, microorganism growth with potential toxin production may occur after thawing and postprocessing
LAMP
lactic acid-producing microorganisms
what do lamp do
lactic acid-producing microorganisms suppresses the growth of biogenic amine-forming microorganisms.
vacuum packaging prevents the growth of biogenic amine-forming micro-organisms
true or false
false
Vacuum packaging does not prevent growth of biogenic amineforming microorganisms.
Biogenic amine-forming microorganisms may grow at refrigeration temperatures,
true or false
true
the minimal temperature for growth is lower than the minimal temperature for toxin production.
3 most effective methods of preventing biogenic amine formation
• handling and processing under sanitary conditions,
• rapid cooling of the fish, and
• continued refrigeration from harvest through consumption.
