Psychological Statistics Flashcards

Flashcards based on Psychological Statistics lecture notes covering correlation, linear regression, ANOVA, parametric vs. non-parametric tests, and related statistical concepts.

What is the Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r)?

An index of the relationship between two variables, ranging from +1 to -1.

What does a positive correlation (positive r value) indicate?

As the value of x increases, the value of y also increases, and vice versa.

What does a negative correlation (negative r value) indicate?

As the value of x increases, the value of y decreases, and vice versa.

What does r = 0 indicate in correlation?

There is no correlation between x and y; they are independent of each other.

In hypothesis testing for correlation, what decision do you make if the computed r value is greater than the tabular value?

Reject the null hypothesis (H0).

What is the purpose of linear regression?

To predict an outcome variable from one or more predictor variables.

What is a key difference between regression and correlation regarding the number of variables involved?

Regression can involve more than two variables, while correlation focuses on two variables.

What does the standard error of estimate measure in regression?

How accurately the regression equation predicts the Y values.

What is the focus of simple linear regression?

Only one predictor variable.

Who is considered the most important figure in 20th-century statistics and developed ANOVA?

Ronald Fisher.

What is a Single Factor Design also known as?

One-Way ANOVA

What is variance?

Squared deviation; a measure of how spread out or dispersed the scores are from the mean.

What type of experiments is the analysis of variance used to analyze?

Multigroup experiments.

What does One-way ANOVA extend?

T-Test

What are the two types of IV and DV data in One-way ANOVA

Categorical IV and Continuous DV

What does ANOVA allow to determine the difference of?

Whether there is a significant difference between the means of the groups.

What is the purpose of post hoc tests in ANOVA?

To determine exactly which mean differences are significant after a significant ANOVA result.

When should post hoc tests be conducted after ANOVA?

When the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and there are three or more treatments.

What does a large F-ratio indicate in ANOVA?

That the treatment has an effect.

What is a parametric test?

Used only when data is interval or ratio scale, with normality, homogeneity of variance, independence and linearity.

What is the purpose of the Chi-Square (X2) test?

Measures the discrepancy between observed frequency (fo) and expected frequency (fe).

When is the Median Test used?

Used to compare the medians of 2 independent samples.

What is the Turkey's HSD test?

Compute a single value that determines the minimum difference between treatment means that is necessary for significance.

What is a non-parametric test?

Sometimes called distribution free-tests.

Name three Non-Parametric tests.

Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, Kruskal-Wallis test