History of Psychology Exam #2

Charles Bell

Made the Bell Magendie Law

Bell Magendie Law

Describes the motor outputs and sensory inputs for the spinal cord

Johann Mueller

discovered specific nerve energies and what inputs go to what nerves

Hermann Von Holtz

formed conservation of energies, neural conduction, trichromatic theory of color, and auditory plate theory

Pierre Florens

discovered ablation method

Broca and Wernickle

studied post mortem brain damage to link deficits to brain areas

Weber

founded the just noticeable differences law

Fetchner

founded the absolute threshold

Absolute threshold

what is the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for detection.

Just noticable difference law

the magnitude of change in a stimulus to be noticed is a function of the original intensity; like car volume

Wilhem Wundt

founder of psychology, volunteerism, established the first lab, established the first journal

perception as a _____ process

passive

Apperception is ____ and _____

active; voluntary

Thought meter

ask participants to indicate when attention has been shifted from one stimulus to the other

introspection

self report

Edward B titchener

had the idea for structuralism, and formed new goals for this school of thought

What was the problem with structuralism?

im his defined ‘what’ he describes the basic elements of consciousness. This is not definable and the idea was too complicated

Phenomenologist

interested in the human experience

Franz Bretano

formed the idea for Act psychology, intentionality, and these ideas influences gestalt psychology

Act psychology

the mind is important to achieving goals and performing acts

Intentionality

purpose of mental processes

Carl Stumpf

figured out the mystery of hans the clever horse

What was the secret to Hans the horse’s trick?

his trainer would look relived whenever he would stomp the right amount, thats when he knew to stop.

Jean LeMarck

was the first to talk about inheritance, environmental change, and epigenetics

Epigenetics

the study of how gene expression is regulated

Herbert spencer

He started the eugenics movement, and stated that “everything is in a state of evolution”

Social darwinism

basically eugenics, groups are more evolved than others.

spencer-bain principle

behaviors that are adaptive because they are more favored; behaviors that are not adaptive are selected against

Charles Darwin

he founded the theory of evolution and wrote origin of species

What are the key tenets of theory

variability, environmental stressors, and isolated populations

Origin of species (1859)

his theory had no basis, but it was testable which is how he got famous

Francis Galton

first user of correlation and talked about eugenics in terms of intelligence

(Vg +Ve(VgVe))

variability in genetics and experience: predisposition to alcoholism but you grew up in utah so there was never a chance to be exposed to , but then later when you get stressed the genetic predisposition comes out.

Francis Galton claimed that intelligence is ____

heritable

Alfred Binet

founded the IQ tests, and the Binet- Simon intelligence scale, also discussed mental orthopedics

Gordan Alpart

during Binet, he was measuring personality

McCure and Costa

developed the OCEAN 5 factor scale. The most effective and correct way to measure personality

Charles Spearman

discovered factor analysis- multiple correlations, and found the g=general intelligence

Lewis Terman

Set the intelligence quotient to 100 with SD of 15

Robert Yerkes

Army intelligence test, Alpha and Beta for written and preformance

Functionalism

founded by James, opposed the elements of structuralism, practical science, and pragmatic

James Lange Theory of Emotion

behavior precedes emotion

Stanley Schachtor

Cognition precedes emotion

William James

described consciousness.

consciousness

viewed as personal, continuous, constantly changing, it is selective, and adaptive.

Hugo Munsterberg

founder of forensic psychology, and IO psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female to earn a PHD in psychology

G. Stanley Hall

established the first functioning US psychology lab and recapitulation, founded the first US psychology journal, and founded the APA.

Francis Sumner

first african american to earn their PHD in psychology.

Doll study- Mamie Phips Clark

used to end segregation in the US

John Dewy

founded the reflexive arc, and advocated progressive education movement

Reflex arc Concept

sensory inputs —> brain processing —> motor outputs

Edward L Thorndike

founded instrumental conditioning and the law of effect, and the law of exercise

Instrumental conditioning

behavior is instrumental to learning

The Law effect

if an association is followed by a satisfying state of affairs; it will be strengthened

The law of exercise

the more times an association is practiced, the stronger it become

behaviorism

roots in russian objective psychology

Ivan Sekenov

founded behavioral inhibition

Behavioral Inhibition

stimulation of some neural tissue can lower activity

Ivan Pavlov

founded classical conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus

requires no learning to elicit a response

Conditioned Stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that reliably predicts the conditioned stimulus and can elict a conditioned response

Unconditioned response

an unlearned response naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

a response elicited by the conditioned stimulus as a consequence of learning

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of the conditioned response without the additional conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus pairings

Law of frequency

an increase in the number of conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus pairings increases conditioned response

Law of continuity

the closer in time that the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, the more rapid in the learning

John Garcia

founded the garcia effect

The Garcia Effect

continued task aversion; single trial conditioning- not eating food that gave you food poisoning

John B watson

little albert, behaviorist founder, wrote psychology as the behaviorist views it

Stimulus generalizarion

stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus can elicit a conditioned repose

stimulus discrimination

stimulus that are dissimilar to the conditioned stimulus will fail to elicit a conditioned response

Neobehaviorism

if theories are to be used they must be congruent with logical positivism

Positivism

appropriate data are only those that can be objectively measure, no theoretical speculation

Logical positivism

terms are permissible as long as they are operationally defined

Edward C Tolman

intervening variables

Intervening variables

variables that intervene between the environment and behavior

Cognitive maps (latent learning)

learning that takes place before motivation