Ketones and Aldehydes

Primary alcohols to aldehydes

1. PCC, DMO, CH2Cl2

2. Swern Oxidation: 1. DMSO, (COCl) 2. Net3

ketones and aldehydes to alcohol

1. NaBH4 and H30

2. LiAlH4 and H30

Esters and carboxylic acids to alcohols

Only LiAlH4 is strong enough to reduce esters and carboxylic acids to primary alcohols 

Carbonyl groups to Alkanes

1. Clemmensen reduction Zn (Hg) / HCl 

2. Wolf- Kishner reduction: H2NNH2/ KOH/Heat

Acetal/ Ketal Formation 

ROH, Cat H+ 

Acetal/Ketal Reduction

H3O

Acetal as a protecting group

acteal is part of the reagent list if there are two groups, in order to make sire only ester is reduces

Diol as a protecting group

Diol can act like for aldehydes and ketones, will create a cyclic acetal/ketal

Imine Formation

primary amine and cat. H+

Enamine Formation 

secondary amine and cat H+ 

Hydrolysis of an imine and enamine

Cat H and H20 creates a ketone and amine

how to form a grignard Reagents

Halogen and alkyl halide
grignard reagents function as carbanions

Grignard Reagent and aldehyde or ketone  plus H+ 

forms and alcohol and adds its carbon chain along with it

Grignard reagent with H20

will simply produce an alkane 

Organolithium reagent

interchangeable with girgnard reagent

Witting Reagent formation

1. PPh₃, CH₃I

2. n-BuLi

Witting reagent and aldehyde and Ketone

creates almost a ring formation