AP exam 1

possession

what is now known as mental illness

humors

bodily fluid related psychological state. Different color meant different things. Black; sad. Yellow; ambitious and quick tempered. Blood; cheerful and energetic. Phlegm; calm and steady 

Trephination

drilling holes into the skull to release people from spirits that possess them

phrenology

bumps and contours on brain indicated size or development of it

Kraepelin

believed that origin of psychiatric disease is biological/ genetic

dementia praecox

old term for schizophrenia

dsm-v

be accurate on how you diagnose

being sane in insane places

healthy people went to 12 different hospitals saying they were having auditory hallucinations but behaved normally after being admitted. they were diagnosed with depression and schizophrenia, ect. 

a patient by any name

male subject in his 30s shown on video pacing around. 4 groups, 2 behaviorists and 2 psychoanalyst. one half were told he was interviewing for a job and one for admission into a psychward. Both groups of behaviorists said he was fine. Only the job psychanalyst said he was fine, other group gave diagnosis

Freud

psychiatrist known for psychoanalytic theory (unconscious mind), nervous disease (paralysis and seizures being caused by unresolved trauma)

charcot

taught freud hypnosis but he abandoned it

breuer

freuds partner, wrote “studies on hysteria” togerher

hysteria

taking a mental illness and showing it physically, headaches, back pain ect

fleiss

ear, nose, throat doctor who came up with nasal reflex neurosis

nasal reflex neurosis

neurotic disorders were result of blockage in the nose

emma eckstein

has a portion of her nose removed due to fliess

anna o

breurs patient whos symptoms lessened when she spoke about them

chimney sweeping

talking about emotions to feel better

trauma theory

trauma is caused by molestation or sexual exposure at too young of an age

topographical theory 

preconscious mind (what can be easily brough to memory) , conscious mind (what youre aware of) and unconscious mind.

structural theory

id “ i want to do that now” (biological) , ego “ we can compromise” (middle groud) , super ego “we shouldnt do that” (moral)

conflict theory

3 parts of the mind (id, ego, superego) not agreeing with eachother

parapraxes

freudian slip

dream parts

latent and manifest

latent content

hidden meanings

manifest content

what is obvious

wish fulfillment

what you want to fulfil influences your unconscious 

defenses

come from the ego to manage anxieties

repression

pushing it down

denial

refusing to acknowledge what happened

compensation

strengthen something else to make up for what is lacking

displacement

taking it out on someone else

introjection

conform feelings for approval

projection

seeing downfall in others

rationalization

justify mistakes

reaction formation

pretend youre different (talking about someone behind their back but be good to their face)

regression

act younger

ritual/bad habit

override with a habit

sublimation

divert negative into acceptable

free association

say whatever comes to your mind and it will eventually lead to unconscious being uncovered 

transference

projecting unconscious conflicts onto therapist

the neuron

cell body(soma), dendrites, axon

Cell body (soma)

main part that inludes the nucleus, processes messages sent from dendrites

dendrites

branch like extensions on top of neuron that receive messages from other neurons. they listen 

axon

long thin fiber that sends messages to the next cell. they answer

myelin sheath

fatty coating that covers axon in segments, helps messages send faster

electrochemical transmission

neurons communicate using both chemical and electricity

axon hillock

base of cell body where axon starts

summation

if axon hillock sums up all graded potentials to a certain threshold (-55) then itll fire an action potential

-70mv

resting potential where more sodium is outside and more potassium is inside 

action potential

once the threshold is reached, axon potential begins and an electrical pulse travels down the axon

all or nothing

neuron either completely fires or it does not 

depolarization

when the neuron fires sodium fires and the inside of the neuron becomes less negative

repolarization

ions flow out of the the neuron to restore the negative charge inside, neuron cannot fire right away again until it recharges 

hyperpolarization

when the neuron becomes too negative

graded potential

temporary changes in the electrical charge of the neurons membrane (excitatory or inhibitory)

excitatory

make the neuron more likely to fire

inhibitory

make the neurons less likely to fire

-55 mv

threshold for firing potential

synapse

small gap between ones neurons terminal buttons and another neurons dendrites. Has neurotransmitters like adrenaline and gaba 

gaba

neurotransmitter in the synapse used to calm things down 

bonding sites

locations on atom where bonds form and electrons can be shares

spatial summation

when many different dendrites recieve signals at one time

temporal summation

one neuron sends signals rapidly very quickly

nodes of ranvier

gap in myelon sheath that allows for rapid transmission of electrical signals

saltatory conduction

rapid jumping of electrical signals from one exposed gap to another

anti anxiety

benzodiazepine

anti depressant

ssri

anti psychotics

block dopamine receptors

axis 1

symptom disorders

axis 2

personality disorders

axis 3

medical disorders that might affect mood

interrater reliability 

consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures them or observes 

Abnormality

at the end of the bell curve, something that impacts daily life and is outside the cultural norm

classical conditioning is the basis for

phobias

phobias

irrational fear created by trauma and generalizations

stimulus generalization

similar stimuli to conditioned stimuli create a response

extinction 

response to stimuli no longer occurs

systematic desenitization

gradual exposure to the conditioned stimuli that leads to extinction

little albert

albert was conditioned to be afraid of the bunny (CS) by associating it with loud banding (US) he cried when he saw the bunny (CR) and then became afraid of toy Santa Claus because it was similar (stimulus generalization)

tokens

something that can be traded for positive reinforcement (money)

discriminative stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

primary reinforcer

something that directly causes positive reinforcement, often a biological need 

secondary reinforcer

something that can be given up or traded to get a primary reinforcer

ABC method

a- action

b- thought

c- emotional reaction 

cognitive triad

negative thoughts about ourself or the world cause depressive symptoms

mans first medical procedure

trephination (removing part of the skull)

medicinal bleeding

used to get rid of what was believed to be the bad and contaminated fluids in body using leeches or cupping

how do doctors identify mentally ill people

doctors used to believe mentally ill people had a look, now the dsm 5 is used 

psychograph

automated phrenology by scanning raised and indented parts of head

schemas

maps that we draw in our heads

cognitive disortions

selective abstraction- taking small pieces of info and generalizing them to everything

arbitrary influence- picking out arbitrary info and taking personally

emotional reasoning- i feel it so its true

dichotomous reasoning- black and white thinking  

cognitive distorition

the way out brain alters info

projective tests

projecting unconscious onto an ambiguous stimulus (TAT test)

empirical validation

evaluating tests against a unknown group to see if it can predict their behavior

MMPI Validity scale

L: detects simple faking or lies

F: admittance to psychopathology which includes questions about suicidal thoughts and auditory hallucinations 

K: asks socioeconomic status and their ability to tell truth in a test 

stages of psychosexual theory

oral (0-18 months)

anal (18 months to 3)

phallic (3-5) where Oedipus complex occurs 

latency (5-12)

genital (12+)

mmpi mean and sd

m: 50

sd:10

high score of mmpi is

70