anatomy chap 1,2,3,4

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37 Terms

1
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Organism

A single complete individual capable of existing separately from other individuals.

2
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Organ systems

Composed of organs; responsible for specific functions in an organism.

3
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Cells

Basic unit of life, composed of organelles and surrounded by a plasma membrane.

4
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Histology

The study of tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular material.

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Sagittal plane

Any plane dividing the body into right and left portions.

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Midsagittal plane

A plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

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Parasagittal plane

Any plane dividing the body into unequal right and left portions.

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Integumentary system

Organ system classified in protection, support, and movement, includes skin and related structures.

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Frontal plane

The anatomical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

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Transverse plane

The anatomical plane that divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below) portions.

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Superficial

Directional term indicating being closer to the body's surface.

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Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

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Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

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Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

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Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

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Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

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Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body.

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Fibrous connective tissue

Tissue composed of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers.

19
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Epithelial tissue

A sheet of tissue composed of closely adhering cells functioning as internal lining.

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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelial tissue found in the skin, providing protection against abrasion.

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Goblet cells

Mucus-secreting gland cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes.

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Neurons

The conducting cells of nervous tissue responsible for transmitting signals.

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Muscular tissue

Tissue specialized to contract when stimulated and encompasses three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

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Gland

Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body.

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Exocrine gland

Gland that secretes its products into another organ via a duct.

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Endothelium

Internal surface of the circulatory system lined with simple squamous epithelium.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

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Dermis

Layer of skin composed of connective tissue, housing blood vessels, glands, and nerve endings.

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Epidermis

Outer layer of skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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Hypodermis

Subcutaneous fat layer composed predominantly of adipose tissue, serving as energy reservoir.

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Cuticle

Outermost layer of hair made up of overlapping cells that protect the inner layers.

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Plasma membrane

Outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits.

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Microvilli

Extensions that increase surface area without enabling movement.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures that move substances along the surface of the cell.

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Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.

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Gap junctions

Cell junctions that allow for communication between adjacent cells through cytoplasmic channels.

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Desmosomes

Cell junctions that provide structural integrity by anchoring cells together.