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Organism
A single complete individual capable of existing separately from other individuals.
Organ systems
Composed of organs; responsible for specific functions in an organism.
Cells
Basic unit of life, composed of organelles and surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Histology
The study of tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular material.
Sagittal plane
Any plane dividing the body into right and left portions.
Midsagittal plane
A plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.
Parasagittal plane
Any plane dividing the body into unequal right and left portions.
Integumentary system
Organ system classified in protection, support, and movement, includes skin and related structures.
Frontal plane
The anatomical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Transverse plane
The anatomical plane that divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below) portions.
Superficial
Directional term indicating being closer to the body's surface.
Medial
Toward the midline of the body.
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body.
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment or origin.
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body.
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body.
Fibrous connective tissue
Tissue composed of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers.
Epithelial tissue
A sheet of tissue composed of closely adhering cells functioning as internal lining.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epithelial tissue found in the skin, providing protection against abrasion.
Goblet cells
Mucus-secreting gland cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes.
Neurons
The conducting cells of nervous tissue responsible for transmitting signals.
Muscular tissue
Tissue specialized to contract when stimulated and encompasses three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Gland
Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body.
Exocrine gland
Gland that secretes its products into another organ via a duct.
Endothelium
Internal surface of the circulatory system lined with simple squamous epithelium.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death.
Dermis
Layer of skin composed of connective tissue, housing blood vessels, glands, and nerve endings.
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous fat layer composed predominantly of adipose tissue, serving as energy reservoir.
Cuticle
Outermost layer of hair made up of overlapping cells that protect the inner layers.
Plasma membrane
Outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits.
Microvilli
Extensions that increase surface area without enabling movement.
Cilia
Hair-like structures that move substances along the surface of the cell.
Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.
Gap junctions
Cell junctions that allow for communication between adjacent cells through cytoplasmic channels.
Desmosomes
Cell junctions that provide structural integrity by anchoring cells together.
