Living Environment: Protein Structures and Biological Indicators

Litmus Paper

• pH Indicator

• red – acid

• blue – base

Phenolphthalein

• pH Indicator

• colorless – acid

• pink – base

Bromothymol Blue

• pH Indicator

• tests for CO₂ (weak acid) in respiration and photosynthesis

• blue – base

• yellow – acid

Benedict Solution

used to detect sugar

Primary

• Bonds or interactions holding the structure together

• short description

• number of polypeptides chains involved

• Peptide Bonds (covalent bond)

• A specific sequence of amino acid that make chain

Secondary

• Bonds or interactions holding the structure together

• short description

• number of polypeptides chains involved

• Hydrogen Bond

• Two or more primary structures connect by a hydrogen bond. Formed between the carboxyl and amine group. Can from into a plated sheet or helix.

• 1

Tertiary

• Bonds or interactions holding the structure together

• short description

• number of polypeptides chains involved

• Bonds/Interactions:

  • Hydrogen Bond

  • Ionic Bond

  • Disulfide Bridge

  • Hydrophobic interactions

• A single polypeptide bond that is folded due to r group interactions.

• 1

Quaternary

• Bonds or interactions holding the structure together

• short description

• number of polypeptides chains involved

• Bonds/Interactions:

  • Hydrogen and other variable interactions.

  • Ionic bonds

  • Disulfide bridge

  • hydrophobic interactions

• Two or more polypeptide chains that is folded or connected due to r group interactions

• 2 or more

Pepetide bond

• definition

• between which two atoms in the dipeptide is the peptide bond located

• between what two functional group is the peptide bond located?

• A covalent bond linking two amino acids together in a peptide

• the carbon and nitrogen

• the carboxyl and amine group

What groups on the amino acids are always involved in hydrogen bonds?

The carboxyl group and amine group.

What type of functional groups or atoms would need to be present in the R-groups for hydrogen bonding to occur between two amino acids in a protein chain?

H is FON

What type of functional groups or atoms would need to be present in the R-group for hydrophobic interactions to occur between two amino acids in a protein chain?

non-polar