16.2 production of soaps

What must occur for a soap to occur from a triglyceride

Ester bonds must be broken

Define hydrolysis

Water is used to break down a compound

What is often used to speed up process of hydrolysis

NaOH and KOH

define base hydrolysis

reaction w water under alkaline conditions

Define saponification

Base hydrolysis is applied to esters

specifically how does base hydrolysis occur

fatty acid ion combines with metal ion from the base

What are all soaps made up of

1. long hydrocarbon chain (non-polar)

2. Carboxylate ions attached to hydrocarbon tail (polar)

3. metal ion often Na+ or K+

What is a byproduct in the production of soap& name what its used for and its function

glycerol; can be left for moisturising properties. Common in resins, paints & explosives

define hard water

water containing a high concentration of metal ions such as Ca2+ or Mg2+

what occurs when typical soap reacts with hard water

doesn’t make a micelle, reacting with calcium/magnesium to form a precipitate

what are side effects of soap reacting with hard water

-poorly washed clothes

-blocked drains from soap scum

-grey scum in wash tubs

-unsightly scum around basin and taps

how can you fix soap reacting with hard water

extra soap needs to be used to create excess fatty acid ions

or metal ions need to be removed

what occurs when metal ions are added using carbonate as an example and write the equation

when carbonate 2- (negative) ion is added, they soften water by precipitating magnesium ions as MgCO3

Mg 2+ = CO3 2- → MgCO3

what is a detergent

cleaning agents that do not suffer from soap limitations

why are detergents better than soaps and are more effective

do not form insoluble salts with hard water

what are most detergents named

anionic detergent

what are anionic detergents

when the active cleaning agent is a negatively charged species

what do anionic detergents look like

composed of a sulfonate group attached to a long carbon chain, sometimes with a benzene ring within the structure