Chapter 2: Studying Behavior Scientifically 

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Last updated 12:36 AM on 7/22/22
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25 Terms

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External Validity
Which is the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and conditions.
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Standard Deviation
Takes into account how much each score in a distribution differs from the mean.
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Inferential Statistics
Tell us how confident we can be in making inferences about a population based on findings obtained from a sample.
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Replication
Is the process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated.
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Mode
Is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.
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Operational Definition
Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it.
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Archival Measures
Which are records or documents that already exist.
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Meta analysis
A statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic.
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Random Sampling
Every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in the survey.
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Mean
Is the arithmetic average of a set of scores.
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Double Blind Procedure
In which both the participant and experimenter are kept unaware as to which experimental condition the participant is in.
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Correlation Coefficient
Statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables
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Statistical Significance
Means that it is very unlikely that a particular finding occurred by chance alone.
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Representative Sample
Is one that reflects the important characteristics of the population.
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Random Assignment
A procedure in which each participant has an equal likelihood of being assigned to any one group within an experiment.
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Counterbalancing
A procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the others.
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Internal Validity
Represents the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusion.
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Sample
Which is a subset of individuals drawn from the larger population.
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Population
Consists of all the individuals who we are interested in drawing a conclusion about.
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Independent Variable
The factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
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Descriptive Research
Seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings.
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Negative Correlation
Occurs when higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable.
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Placebo
Refers to a substance that has no pharmacological effect.
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Naturalistic Observation
The researcher observes behavior as it occurs in a natural setting and attempts to avoid influencing that behavior.
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Survey Research
Information about a topic is obtained by administering questionnaires or interviews to many people.