S. 3. 4.-Demonstrate how conditions affect chemical equations

Equilibrium

Some chemical reaction go to completion while others are this(the stage of a chemical reaction in which both reactants and products are present and their concentrations no longer change) reactions

Changing factors

Reaction rates can be altered by changing the conditions of a reaction. These- such as pressure, concentration of reactants and products, temperature, and the presence of catalysts will change the speed of a reaction

Catalysts

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

Endothermic

when temperature rises, the rate of an this (involving absorption of heat) reaction(where heat is required) will increase

Exothermic

However, when temperature rises, an this(involving release of heat) reaction(where heat is released) will slow down

Collisions between atoms and molecules/ reaction rate

Increasing the pressure surrounding a gas phase reaction increases the chance of what

Breaking or creating a bond

Increasing the concentration of reactants increases the probability that reactants will come in contact with each other, thus increasing the likelihood of what

Slow down

If product concentration is increased, the reaction will what

No remaining reactant

When the reaction stops, there is no what

Equilibrium

However, many reactions are reversible and go to this, not completion. At this, both reactants and products are present and their concentrations no longer change

Equilibrium

Many biological process, like the binding of oxygen(O2) to hemoglobin, are these reactions or processes

Hemoglobin

In the lungs, where oxygen levels are high, O2 binds to this

Metabolism

In tissues, where oxygen is consumed by this, O2 levels are low

Equilibrium

Levels or concentrations of reactants and products, along with temperature and pressure, are some of the factors that affect the equilibrium

Le Chatelier's Principle

When a chemical reaction at equilibrium is perturbed, it responds by going in a direction in order to restore the equilibrium. This is known as what(principle stating that when a chemical reaction at equilibrium is perturbed, it responds by proceeding in a direction that will restore the equilibrium)

Right

For the hemoglobin example above, inhalation causes O2 blood concentric to rise, driving the reaction to what

Left

In tissue that is undergoing metabolism, O2 is consumed; this a reactant for this process is disappearing and the reaction shifts to what in response

Endothermic

These reactions absorb heat and shift to the right as temperature rises

Exothermic

These reactions shift to the left upon increase

Endothermic reaction

A + B + heat-><- C + D

Exothermic reaction

A + B -><- C + D + heat

Activation energy

Catalysts are chemicals that lower this(the minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction) required for a chemical reaction to occur

Catalysts

These speed up reactions that would otherwise be extremely slow to occur. These do not change during the reaction and can be reused

Enzymes

In biological systems, catalysts are mostly proteins called these, which speed up chemical reactions within the body

Catalysts

the enzyme amylase is this for the breakdown of starch polymers to glucose monomers. This enzyme helps the body digest starches