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→Carbohydrate monomers → Monosaccharides (simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose)

Polysaccharide used for animal energy storage → Glycogen (stored in liver and muscle)

Plant structural polysaccharide → Cellulose (fiber in plant cell walls)

Lipids are defined as... → Organic compounds insoluble in water (fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes)

Most common lipid in membranes → Phospholipids (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails)

Bond linking fatty acids to glycerol → Ester bond

Effect of hydrogenating unsaturated fats → Produces saturated fats and trans fats (more rigid)

Protein monomers → Amino acids

Bond that links amino acids → Peptide bond

Levels of protein structure → Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Protein function example → Enzymatic (catalysts that speed up reactions)

Protein function example → Structural (collagen, keratin)

Protein function example → Transport (hemoglobin carries O₂)

Protein function

Carbohydrate monomers

Monosaccharides (simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose)

Polysaccharide used for animal energy storage

Glycogen (stored in liver and muscle)

Plant structural polysaccharide

Cellulose (fiber in plant cell walls)

Lipids are defined as...

Organic compounds insoluble in water (fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes)

Most common lipid in membranes

Phospholipids (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails)

Bond linking fatty acids to glycerol

Ester bond

Effect of hydrogenating unsaturated fats

Produces saturated fats and trans fats (more rigid)

Protein monomers

Amino acids

Bond that links amino acids

Peptide bond

Levels of protein structure

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Protein function example

Enzymatic (catalysts that speed up reactions)

Protein function example

Structural (collagen, keratin)

Protein function example

Transport (hemoglobin carries O₂)

Protein function example

Movement (actin, myosin)

Protein function example

Hormonal (insulin)

Nucleic acid monomers

Nucleotides (phosphate + sugar + nitrogenous base)

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Nitrogenous bases in RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Sugar in DNA vs RNA

DNA: Deoxyribose ; RNA: Ribose

Main role of DNA

Stores genetic information (master template)

Main role of RNA

Transfers genetic code and helps protein synthesis