HUMAN AP CHPT 13

City

an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an autonomous (self governing) unit known as municipality; fixed boundaries, raises taxes, & provides services

Urban area

central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs with density of 1000 people per sq. mile or more

Metropolitan area

a city of at least 50,000, the county in which it is located, and any surrounding counties with at least 25 persons per square mile and a high degree of regular commuting to the central city; large space

photo of metropolitan area

Megalopolis (urban conurbation)

collection of adjacent, overlapping metropolitan areas that merge into a continuous urban region (clustering of cities) Ex; NE U.S from Boston, MA south to Washington DC

southern Great Lakes

Milwaukee- Chicago- gary

Southern California

los angeles- san Diego- Tijuana

German Ruhr

dortmund- Dusseldorf- essen

randstad (ring city)

Amsterdam- Rotterdam- Utrecht

tokaido in Japan

Tokyo- Yokohama

keihanshin in Japan

Osaka- Kobe- Kyoto

SE China

Guangzhou- Shenzhen- Hong Kong- macau

where would you notice a difference when moving from city to city?

overlap not noticeable in core cities as each maintains its identity but noticable in periphery where boundaries if the metropolitan regions overlap

Urban land use; commercial

retail & office

urban land use; industrial

heavy vs. light industry manufacturing and factories

urban land use; residential

houses

The central business district (CBD)

the commercial and business center of a city, characterized by a high density of retail shops, office buildings, and cultural institutions.

high density urban land use

closer; multi-story, multi family/ occupant; intensive

low density urban land use

further apart, 1-2 story, single family ; extensive

1950s CBD retail location

concentrated in CBD

1970s CBD retail location

corwth of suburban shopping malls

1990s CBD retail location

increasing presence of big box stores (super target) and outlet malls

Bid Rent Theory (William Alonso)

1960; accessibility creates high demand & competition for limited sites ; High demand= high cost

bid rent theory photo

relationship between the bid rent, von thunen, & concentric theories?

The relationship explains how land value decreases as distance from the city center increases, similar to von Thünen's agricultural land use model and concentric zone model, where urban land use and rent are influenced by proximity to the CBD.

1st floor on skyscraper

retail & restaurants for more access to consumers

higher floors on skyscraper

offices, residential, hotels

limitations on skyscrapers

include zoning laws, building codes, and structural constraints that can restrict height and design swell as wind tunnels (ex; DC no buildings higher than the capital dome 13 floors)

concentric zone model (burgess model)

A model that represents urban land use by dividing the city into concentric circles, each with different functions; city growing outward from CBD (rings)

concentric zone model picture

CBD (level on CZM)

inner most ring

zone of transition (lvl on CZM)

manufacturing, warehouses,and low-income housing area

zone of independent workers homes (lvl on CZM)

working class; small modest homes, more home ownership

zone of better residencies (lvl on CZM)

middle-to-high income; small, modest homes, mostly owner occupied

commuters zone (lvl on CZM)

larger homes with larger yards, lower density, suburbs discontinuous from the urbanized area serving as a bedroom communities; home ownership

When considering the concentric zones what is important to know about the CBD lvl?

more intensive=closer to CBD & less intensive=further away, then higher transportation cost= wealthier live further away & lower income close to CBD

sector model

1939; by Hoyt; urban land use developed in sectors radiating from the city center, emphasizing the influence of transportation routes.

sector model picture

multiple nuclei model

1945 by Harris & Ullman; views city as more complex structure; CBD is not the only. node around which activity concentrates; incompatible actives do not concentrate near each other; multi nodes

multiple nuclei model picture

galactic city model (peripheral )

Harris 1960; depicts a decentralized urban landscape with multiple centers of activity, connected by highways, where residential and commercial areas are separated; retain other transportation being outside of CBD

galactic city model picture

“donut effect” model of urban structure

renovation and regrowth of urban core; inner ring=older declining & outer rings= newer growing

photo of donut effect

urban realms model

James e vance 1964; growth of relatively self sustaining edge cities that occupy their won realms in the outer of the CBD

photo of urban realms model

edge cities

surburb with increasing population and density that contains housing, businesses, retail, and often specialized functions outside (become less dependent on the central city)

technoburb

edge city/ suburb focused on research & tech production

boomburb

suburb grwoing rapidly and reaching a high population

census tract

correspond roughly to a neighborhood; smallest area for which US census bureau complies data; approx 5k people; important for local scale quantitative data;

Applying the concentric zone model on residences

older homes=inner lvl; more low income=inner city; more high income=suburbs; more multi family dwellings in inner city; more single family dwellings in suburbs

applying the sector model to residencies

higher income sector vs. low income sectors

applying the multi nuclei model to residencies

people of similar ethnic or racial backgrounds more likely to live near one another; ethnic enclaves and ethnoburbs

European cities

low buildings, narrow streets, older cities, more open space in CBD, few skyscrapers to none, preserve historic character, high rent

North American cities

growth of relatively self sustaining edge cities that occupy their own realms in the periphery of the central city; suburbs function within sphere of influence of central city but relatively independent of the central city

census bureau data

(QUANTITATIVE) data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau on population characteristics, including demographics, housing, and economic statistics that helps inform urban planning and policy decisions

pre colonial era in LDC

sometimes cities

colonial era in LDCs

if no city europeans built according to their culture and economic needs; coastal; preexisting city— added/changed, built new next to old, destroyed old

sector model in LDCs

wealthy sectors and low-income sectors

multi nuclei model in LDCs

mix of ethnicities and people cluster near those with same background

sub-saharan africa city model

harm de bli

latin American city model

griffin and ford

SE asian city model

T.G McGee

informal settlement in LDC

squatter/slum; typically characterized by a lack of formal legal ownership; periphery/outskirts

borcherts transportation model

5 epochs (eras) of changes to the growth and function of urban areas based upon domaint forms of trasnsportation

borcherts transportation model picture

sail wagon epoch (era)

1790-1830; clustered E coast harbors or rivers; goods and communication exchanged mostly by water for long distance and wagon/cart for short distance; COMPACT cities

Iron horse epoch (era)

1830-1870; steam powered railroads & canals provided transportation from interior regions and the Great Lakes to existing urban centers on the east coast

steel rail epoch (era)

1870-1920; improved railroad tech and intercontinental rail lines connected urban areas throughout country more quickly; greater W expansion; cities clustered near trains stops (Chicago)

auto-air-amenity epoch (era)

1920-1970; gasoline engine for more flexible transportation between cities; air transportation for long distances rapidly; interstate highway= suburbs & sprawl low density (Los Angeles)

satellite electronic jet propulsions epoch

1970-present; the rise of satellite communication and jet propulsion technologies, leading to global connectivity and rapid transit; urban areas expanded with increased mobility and the growth of technology-driven amenities.

public transportation; heavy rail

subways, elevated trains and large ground level trains that transport people locally and regionally

public transportation; light rail

trams, streetcars, and smaller trains with smaller-gauge tracks for local use

new urbanism & sustainable city planning (smart growth)

legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth/sprawl and goal to create a pattern of compact continuous development while protecting rural land & reverse inner city decline

criticism of smart growth and new urbanism

potential to price out lower income in favor of middle and higher income residents; high cost to renovate or develop; uniform landscape due to same planning

residential density gradient

change of density over urban space from CBD outward; often characterized by higher density near the city center and gradually decreasing density as one moves to the suburbs

residential density gradient

sprawl

the development of lower density suburbs that are not contiguous to existing built up areas; created by developers seeking cheaper land that can be easily prepared for construction

sprawl photo

local zoning ordinances

regulations that govern land use and development within a municipality, aiming to control how land can be used and what types of buildings can be built.

Europe transportation

high density cities more compact; more use of public transportation and biking/ predestrian; better funded public transportation; high fuel taxes

gentrification

converting a low income renter occupied urban neighborhood to a middle class owner occupied neighborhood often resulting in rising property values and displacement of original residents of building new (INFILL)