APUSH Unit 1 quizlet (terms from the first three chapters)

Canadian Shield

first part of North American landmass to emerge above sea level + ice grinding flushed away topsoil + melting glacier water filled Great Lakes

Land bridge

during Ice Age + connected Eurasia w/North America (Russia + Alaska)

Incas

in Peru + highly advanced + developed sophisticated agricultural techniques to sustain complex societies + conquered by Francisco Pizzaro

Mayans

in Central America + another sophisticated civilization + life also revolved around maize growing

Aztecs

in Mexico + another sophisticated civilization (elaborated cities) + lacked simple tech/animals + maize growing super foundational (cuz it fed ~20 mill in Mexico alone) + densely populated + known for advanced math, writing, and human sacrifices + eventually conquered by Hernan Cortes

New World

North + South America

Maize

Indian corn

Pueblos

'village' in Spanish + social life less developed ('societies' = nonexistent)

Nation-states

dense concentration of population (like Aztecs)

Anasazis

sustained large settlements after maize cultivation + built elaborate villages of 600+ interconnected room

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement (near East St. Louis) + home to ~25,000 people

Three-sister farming

beans grew on the trellis of corn stalks and squash covered the planting mounds to retain soil moisture + rich diet + produced highest population densities on continent (Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee)

Scandinavian Norse

sailors from Scandinavia that accidentally reached the northeastern part of North America + landed near L'Anse Aux Meadows (Newfoundland) + their discoveries forgotten cuz no strong nation-states invested in them

Vinland

place near Newfoundland that was abounded in wild grapes

Christian Crusaders

tried to wrestle the holy lands from Muslim control + ranked high among indirect discovered of the Americas + acquired taste of Asian exotic delights (silk, drugs, perfume, colored drapes, spices, sugar) unknown to Europe

Spice Islands

Indonesia, China, India + goods were transported from long distances (across Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea) on ships or camels so very expensive

Middlemen

Muslims dealers who charged heavy tolls; goods that reached Italy were expensive, so limited purchasers/profiters; Europeans eager to find cheaper route

Marco Polo

Italian adventurer that returned after 25 years of sailing + regarded as indirect discovered of NW + stimulated Euro desires for a cheaper route to the east

Caravel

small regular ships that can sail more closely with wind

Sub-Saharan Africa

before caravel, nearly impossible for Europeans to get to cuz of the desert + Africa gold was 2/3 of Europe's supply

Portuguese slave trade

built their own systematic traffic of slaves to work in sugar plantations (Africans already had slavery in their culture) + appetite for slaves was WAY TOO MUCH (~40,000 Africans taken) + eventually became a business

Sugar islands

Madeira, Canraties, Sao Tome, and Principe

Plantation

large-scale agricultural enterprise following commercial crops + usually employing slave labor

Bartholomeu Dias

reached southernmost tip of Africa to get to Asia

Vasco da Gama

reached India + came back with small cargo of jewels and spices

"Indies"

name given by Europeans to all unknown land of the Orient

Ferdinand of Aragon

married Isabella of Castile which united Spain

Isabella of Castile

married Ferdinand of Aragon which united Spain

Moors

brutally expelled from Spain after centuries of Christian-Islamic warfare + another reason for Spain's unity

Renaissance

nurtured ambitious spirit of optimism + adventure

Christopher Columbus

skilled Italian seafarer + convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to invest in him + headed west (6 weeks at sea + faced mutiny); most successful failure + 'discovered' the Americas + called natives "Indians" + returns with 17 ships of men, animals, supplies

"Globalization"

interdependent global economic system that came to be cuz of Columbus (Eur had markets, capital, tech; Afr had labor; NW has raw materials)

Columbian Exchange

exchange of goods (OW gave horses, cattle, pigs), crops (from NW; corn, beans, tomatoes, potatoes), and diseases (NW gave syphilis; OW gave influenza, malaria, and a ton more) between New and Old World

Hispaniola

Haiti + Dominican Republic; Columbus returned here with his 17 ships, animals, and supplies

"Sugar revolution"

Columbus brought seedlings of sugarcane which thrived in the Caribbean cuz of the climate; revolution itself took place in Europe + forced migration of millions of Africans to work in canefields/sugar mills

Taino

natives in Hisponiola whose population went from 1 mill to ~200 after European arrival; disease literally wiped out the populations

Treaty of Tordesillas

signed by Spain + Portugal dividing the territories of the New World

Conquistadores

16th century Spanish conquerors who fanned out across Americas eventually conquering the Aztec + Incan empires

Vasco Nunez Balboa

hailed as discoverer of the Pacific Ocean + waded into waves off of Panama + boldly claimed all lands washed by sea for his king

Ferdinand Magellan

set sail from Spain with 5 ships + completed the first circumnavigation of the globe + killed by inhabitant of the Philippines

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored Florida (thought it was an island) + seeked for gold and 'fountain of youth' + killed from Native arrow

Francisco Coronado

in quest of golden cities + wandered through Arizona and New Mexico all the way to Kansas + discovered the Grand Canyon/Colorado River and large herds of bison

Hernando de Soto

undertook a fantastic gold-seeking expedition with 600 armor-plated men + went from Florida westward + discovered/crossed Mississippi River + died from wounds and fever + body was secretly disposed

Francisco Pizarro

crushes Incas + added huge hoard of booty to Spain (which made Spain abundant with NW silver)

Potosi

in Bolivia where most silver came from

"Price revolution"

abundance of silver caused major inflation in Europe (500%) + fueled growth of capitalism

Capitalism

economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, + open and accessible markets

Commercial banking

clinked in purses of merchants in France and Holland trying to spread commerce and manufacturing + paid for a lot of international trade with Asia + founded by NW bullion (which swelled up vaults of bankers)

West Indies

another one of Columbus's geographic confusion + served as offshore bases for statin of Spanish invasion of mainland America; a rest stop for the Spanish + was loosely organized and native communities were used for testing techniques that would eventually subdue Mexican and Peruvian civilizations

Encomienda

Spanish government's policy to "commend" Natives to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them (basically the Spanish government saying that slavery is legal)

Bartolome de Las Casas

horrified by encomienda system + said it was "a moral pestilence invested by Satan"

Hernan Cortes

set sailed from Cuba to get to Mexico + rescued a Spanish castaway who was enslaved by Mayans + picked up Malinche (a slave who spoke Mayan + Aztec language) + used both interpreters to understand what the natives are saying + eventually conquered the Aztec empire + brought crops/animals/languages/laws/customs/religion to the region

Malinche

picked up by Cortes + know how to speak Mayan and Nahuatl + eventually learned Spanish + was baptized (new name ⇾ Dona Marina)

Tenochtitlan

Aztec empire capital + was laid siege on by Cortes

"Reconquista"

left mark on Spanish society (basically made people more ambitious + the 3 Gs) + when Christian kingdoms of Spain kept pushing the Moors off of Iberian Peninsula and when Grenada fell, they succeeded

Moctezuma

Aztec chieftain who bored fab gifts to welcome Spaniards + was superstitious + believed Cortes the god Quetzalcoatl; nice at first but then gave up

Quetzalcoatl

god who would return from eastern sea + predicted Aztec legends

Noche triste

"sad night"; when Aztecs attained Cortes and his forces in Tenochtitlan; Cortes laid siege to the city + the Aztec empire fell

Mestizos

people of mixed Native American and European heritage

Malinchista

Malinche gave her name in the Mexican language, which means 'traitor'

Dia de la Raza

Mexican Columbus Day; "the birthday of a wholly new race of people"

Giovanni Caboto

England was eager to get Spain's land so sent Caboto to explore northeastern coast

Giovanni da Verrazano

France was also eager and dispatched Verrazano (Italian mariner) to probe the east seaboard

Jacques Cartier

journeyed miles up St. Lawrence River

St. Augustine

a fortress made by Spain to block the French + protect the sea-lanes

Don Juan de Onate

led an expedition to upper Rio Grande + Colorado River; Spaniards abused the Pueblo people

Battle of Acoma

fought between Spaniards under Onate and the pueblo Indians; Spaniard brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples (and cut 1 foot of each survivor) and established New Mexico

Province of New Mexico

Spaniards claimed the area they won from the Pueblo people

Santa Fe

capital of Province of New Mexico

Roman Catholic mission

central institution in colonial NM to suppress native religious customs

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo Indian rebellion against the religious suppression from missionaries that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico; Pueblo natives destroyed Catholic churches + killed tons of priests and Spanish settlers

Robert de La Salle

French + led an expedition down the Mississippi River

The Alamo

a Spanish settlement in Texas that was once called San Antonio

Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo

explored Californian coast + failed to find San Francisco Bay

Father Junipero Serra

Spanish missionary that founded the first of 21 missions in San Diego + Christianized 300,000 Cali natives + taught them semi-nomadic native horticulture crafts; Natives adapted to Christianity + lost contact with their culture + died cuz of disease

"Black Legend"

false notion that conquistadores did little but butcher the Natives + stole their gold in the name of Christ + infected them with smallpox + left only misery behind

Henry VIII

Broke from the Catholic Church, and formed the Anglican Church so he could divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn; started the Protestant reformation in England;

his first daughter was Mary, with Catherine as her mom;

his second daughter was Elizabeth, with Anne as her mom;

his son Edward was with his third wife Jane Seymour

Protestant Reformation

movement to reform the Catholic Church; reformers questioned the authority of the Pope;launched in England in 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church; once Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne, Protestantism became dominant and intensified rivalry with Spain

Queen Elizabeth I

Protestantism became dominant after she ascended to the throne, she encouraged the Sea Dogs, Protestant, ended 'religious seesaw', encouraged rivalry w/Catholic Spain

"Sea dogs"

glorified pirates that would raid Spanish ships returning from Americas and steal goods

Sir Francis Drake

Most successful of the sea dogs; returned with 4600% profit + the Queen secretly invested in him + later was knighted

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

first English attempt at colonization but lost his life at sea

Sir Walter Raleigh

half brother of Gilbert; organized an expedition on Roanoke Islands

Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina; "the Lost Colony" cuz it mysteriously vanished

King Philip II

of Spain, foe of the Protestant Reformation, + used imperial gains to make an "Invincible Armada"

Spanish Armada

Spanish armada defeated by the English 'sea dogs' in the English Channel (Spain had massive ships vs England had smaller maneuverable ships); defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire

Spanish Netherlands

Holland; gained its independence from Spain, also adding to the decline of Spanish Empire

"Surplus population"

New World foods caused a population explosion in Europe; started economic depression; majorly affected woolen district farmer hit the road + became beggars/paupers + ended up in cities like London

Primogeniture

laws that the oldest son inherits all family property or land; landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement in America

Joint-stock company

short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund England's early colonial ventures; peace w/Spain provided opportunities for colonization; allowed investors to pool their adventures

Virginia Company of London

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony; guaranteed rights of English that would extend to future colonies; motives were promise of gold + passage to Indies

Charter

legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations; guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen as if they were in England

King James I

accepted charter for VC; James River named after him; 3 ships set sail and landed near mouth of Chesapeake Bay (natives immediately attacked)

Jamestown

first permanent English settlement in North America + founded by the Virginia Company of London; away from open ocean + natives but mosquito infested swamp, slightly salty water

"Gentlemen"

The settlers were "gentlemen," aka they had had things handed to them and done for them their whole life, so they weren't very self-sufficient and struggled doing labor when it was necessary in Jamestown

Captain John Smith

kidnapped by Powhatans; mock execution but saved by Pocahontas; saved colony and said "He who shall not work, shall not eat."; injured in gunpowder explosion + returned to England for good

Powhatan

chieftain; attempted mock execution to impress Smith with his power; showed desire for peace relations and help from them to extend his power

Pocahontas

daughter of Powhatan; wife of John Rofle; saved Smith from execution; became middleman between natives + settlers to preserve shaky peace + provide needed food

"Starving time"

winter of 1609; living skeletons ate dogs, cats, mice, and PEOPLE; many died; remaining colonists dragged themselves onto ships in spring to go back

Lord De La Warr

Diseased and despairing, the remaining colonists from the Starving Time dragged themselves aboard homeward-bound ships in the spring of 1610, only to be met at the mouth of the James River by a long-awaited relief party headed by a new governor, Lord De La Warr. He ordered the settlers back to Jamestown, imposed a harsh military regime on the colony, and soon undertook aggressive military action against the indigenous peoples of the region