Philippine Politics and Governance: Power, Ideologies, and the State

Vocabulary flashcards covering political ideologies, dimensions and types of power, and the fundamental elements of the state and government.

Nazism

A political ideology that rejects liberalism, democracy, the rule of law, and human rights, emphasizing the subordination of the individual to the state and strict obedience to leaders.

Fascism

An ideology that celebrates masculinity, youth, mystical unity, and the power of violence, often promoting racial superiority, ethnic persecution, and open male supremacy.

Anarchism

An ideology that considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, promoting a stateless society and seeking to eliminate reliance upon authority.

Libertarianism

A political ideology from the mid $20^{\text{th}}$ century that advocates for a minimal government role in economic, social, and cultural life.

Marxism

A theory by Karl Marx describing capitalist weaknesses and arguing for its overthrow to implement a socialist system and eventually a communist society.

Structural Functionalism Theory

A theory suggesting society is created through social order via Structure (Status) and Function (Roles).

Laissez faire

A concept by Adam Smith meaning "let them do it alone."

Power

In social science and politics, the ability to influence or control the behavior of people.

Power Over

The ability to dominate another person or group.

Power To

The ability of an individual to do something on their own, referring to personal abilities.

Power With

The ability to work with others.

Threat Power

A form of power identified by Kenneth Boulding that is equivalent to "Power Over."

Exchange Power

The power of negotiations, most equivalent to "Power To."

Love Power

A form of power characterized by people helping each other, equivalent to "Power With."

Integrative System

A system where love leads to bonds, respect, and legitimacy within social groups.

Power Potentiality

A dimension of power that causes alteration in the behavior of people.

Time Lag

The required delay in time from the actions of a powerful actor to the responses of the subordinate actor(s).

Reciprocal Relationship

A power relationship considered an asymmetrical interpersonal influence relationship.

Indirect Influence

When one actor influences subsequent actors through an intermediary.

Scope of Power

The principle that an actor's power does not affect all other actors in the same manner.

Power Legitimacy

The degree of lawfulness or rightfulness associated with power, distinct from status or prestige.

Coercive Power

Power associated with individuals in a position to punish others.

Connection Power

Power based on knowing and having the ear of other powerful people within an organization.

Expert Power

Influence based on an individual's acclaimed skill, experience, or accomplishment in a particular subject.

Information Power

Influence gained by people who withhold information to make themselves more powerful.

Legitimate Power

Also known as 'positional power', this comes from the specific office or title a person holds.

Referent Power

Power held by people who are well-liked, popular, and respected regardless of their position.

Reward Power

Power based on a person's ability to bestow benefits, such as pay, schedules, or job assignments.

Compliance

The readiness to act on or agree to something, most likely caused by legitimate and reward power.

Commitment

A desirable outcome of power involving trust and loyalty, most likely occurring when referent and expert power are used.

Resistance

The refusal or opposition to power, most likely when coercive power is used in a hostile way.

State

An organized political community living under a single system of government, having a population, language, and defined territory.

Nation

A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular territory.

Population

The first element of a state, consisting of a community of persons to be ruled.

Territory

The material basis of a state, including land, mountains, rivers, lakes, air space, and territorial waters.

National Territory (Philippines)

Defined by the $1987$ Constitution as the archipelago, including terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains.

Territorial sea

The belt of sea extending up to $12$ nautical miles from the low watermark.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

A body of water extending up to $200$ nautical miles where the state has rights to manage natural resources.

Government

The element of a state that organizes the community of persons through an established system.

Legislature

The branch of government with the power to make and change laws, consisting of the Senate ($24$ members) and the House of Representatives ($250$ members).

Executive

The branch consisting of the President and Vice President who make decisions and act according to them.

Judiciary

The part of government responsible for the legal system, consisting of the Supreme Court and Lower Courts.

Sovereignty

The power of the state to command and enforce obedience of its will from people.