Anatomy and Physiology Lab 1 Practical Review (1)

Anatomical Position

• Body erect (standing upright)

• Feet slightly apart

• Head and toes forwards

• Arms at sides

• Palm facing forward

Medial and Lateral

Medial means closer to the middle or center line of the body, while Lateral means farther away from the middle line toward the side

Supine

Lying face up

Prone

Lying face down

Axial

Relating to the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

Relating to the limbs and their attachment to the trunk

Anterior

Front

Anterior Body Landmarks

Cephalic, Cranial, Frontal, Ocular/orbital, Nasa, Otic, Buccal, Oral, Mental, Facial, Cervical, Thoracic, Mammary, Abdominal, Umbilical, Axillary, Brachial, Antecubital, Antebrachial , Carpal, Palmar , Manual, Pollex , Femora, Patellar, Crural , Tarsal , Pedal , Hallux , Inguinal , Pubic , Digits

Posterior

Back

Posterior Body Landmarks

Cephalic, Acromial, Olecranal, Dorsal, Lumbar, Gluteal, Popliteal, Sural, Calcaneal, Plantar

Superior

Above/toward head

Inferior

Below/toward feet

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Cranial

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail

Dorsal

Backside

Ventral

Belly/front side

Proximal

Nearer trunk

Distal

Farther from trunk

Superficial

At/toward body surface

Deep

Away from body surface

Plane

A three-dimensional axis

Section

A slice parallel to a plane used to visualize internal organization

Sagittal Plane

• Oriented parallel to the long axis

• Seperates right and left portions

Midsagittal section

Passes through the midline, separating into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal Horizontal

Misses the midline, separating into unequal right and left sides

Transveres (or Horizontal, Cross-sectional) Plane

Separates superior and inferior portions

Dorsal Body Cavity

Canial Cavity: brain

Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity: spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

• Thoracic Cavity: Contains:

• Pericardial cavity: Heart

• Pleural cavities: Lungs

• Mediastinum

• Adominopelvic Cavity:

• Abdominal Cavity: stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen

• Pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

Other Body Cavities

• Oral

• Nasal

• Orbital

• Middle ear

• Synovial

The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are located in the head and open to the body exterior

Synovial cavities are found in joints between many bones such as the vertebrae of the spine, and at the knee, shoulder, and hip

Serous Membranes

Parietal serosa: lines body walls

Visceral serosa: covers organs

Peritoneum abdomen: abdomen

Pleura: lungs

Pericardium: heart

Abdominal Quadrants

RUQ = Right Upper Quadrant

LUQ = Left Upper Quadrant

RLQ = Right Lower Quadrant

LLQ = Left Lower Quadrant

Nine Abdominal Regions

Right hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region, Right inguinal region

Epigastric region, Umbilical cords, Hypogastric (pubic) region

Left hypochondriac region, Left lumbar region, Left inguinal region

Five main classifications of bones (by shape)

Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones, Sesamoid Bones

Long Bones

Longer than they are wide; have a thick compact bone exterior.

Examples: Most bones of the appendicular skeleton (limbs), e.g., phalanges, metacarpals, femur, humerus.

Short Bones

Cube-shaped, length and width are roughly equal. Composed of a thick interior of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.


Examples: Carpal bones (hand) and Tarsal bones (foot).

Flat Bones

Relatively flat, curved, and thin. Consist of a spongy interior sandwiched by thin layers of compact bone.


Examples: Ribs, sternum.

Irregular Bones

Have no specific or easily classifiable shape or structure.


Examples: Vertebrae

Sesamoid Bones

Small, independent bones that develop within tendons, providing leverage or reducing friction. They are movable.


Example: Patella (kneecap)

Functional Classification of Joints

Synarthorosis, Ampiharthrosis, Diarthrosis

Synarthorosis

immovable joint, no movement in the joint

Example: Skull, Ribs

Ampiharthrosis

Slightly movable joint

Example: Pelvic Bone

Diarthrosis (Synovial)

Freely movable joint

Example: Shoulder, Knee, Elbow

Articular Cartilages

Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules

Types of Movements

Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction,,

Abduction vs Adduction

Abduction

•Angular motion

•Frontal plane

•Moves away from longitudinal axis

Adduction

•Angular motion

•Frontal plane

•Moves toward longitudinal axis

Circumduction

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

Pronation, Supination

Pronation and Supination

Pronation

• Rotates forearm, radius over ulna

Supination

• Forearm in anatomical position

Special Movements

Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion

Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion

Inversion

•Twists sole of foot medially

Eversion

•Twists sole of foot laterally

Dorsiflexion

•Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

Plantar flexion

•Extension at ankle (pointing toes)