Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

the process by which food is transformed into energy within cells

Redox reactions

type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species

Oxidation

loses electrons

Reduction

gains electrons

Substrate-level-phosphorylation

the formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate

Chemiosmosis

The process of ATP synthesis using 'free energy' obtained when electrons are passed to several carriers

Aerobic

with oxygen

Anerobic

Without oxygen

Fermentation/Lactae

metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate (lactic acid solution)

Fermentation/alcohol

complex biochemical process during which yeasts convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts that contribute to chemical composition and sensorial properties of the fermented foodstuffs.

Mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell

Cristae/Mitochondrial membrane

folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Mitochondrial matrix

goopy part within the mitochondria

Glucose

C_6 H_12 0_6, sugar

ATP and ADP

Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate; energy

NAD+ and NADH

Coenzymes that help generate energy during Cellular respiration

FAD and FADH_2

electron carrier; reduced form

ATP Synthase

enzyme that makes ATP molecules

G3P

half a glucose

Pyruvate

result of glycolysis

acetyl-CoA

Acetyl coenzyme A; delivers the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.

Citrate

an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle), a central metabolic pathway for all aerobic organisms, including animals, plants, and bacteria

Oxaloacetate

an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, where it reacts with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase

Ethanol

a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols

Lactate

A chemical that is formed when sugars are broken down for energy in the absence of adequate oxygen