Final Exam Bio 1406

The science of ____ explains the origin of life, the persistence of life, and studies the changes in living things

biology

Living organisms must gather energy and materials from their surroundings to

all of these (build new biochemicals, grow, maintain and repair their parts, and produce offspring)

The lowest level of biological organization that can survive and reproduce is the

cell 

The most fundamental and important molecule that distinguishes living systems from nonliving matter is ____.

a and b only (DNA and deoxyribonucleic acid)

____ contain DNA, but are not considered to be alive because they cannot reproduce independently of their host.

Viruses

Metabolism describes the ability of a cell or organism to

all of these (extract energy from its surroundings, maintain itself, grow, and reproduce)

Maintaining your body's internal temperature within narrow tolerable range is 

homeostasis

Populations of all organisms change from one generation to the next because their DNA changes over time. This is known as:

biological evolution

Mutations

all of these (can be neutral, harmful or beneficial)

Emergent properties are

characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter but do not exist at lower levels of organization

Bacteria and protozoans exist as ____.

unicellular organisms

A group of organisms of the same species that live together in the same place make up a(n) ____.

population

Which of the following is NOT a logical hierarchy of biological organization

cells, molecules, organelles, tissues, systems

A(n) ____ includes the community and the nonliving environmental factors with which it interacts.

ecosystem

Which of the following pairs would be classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

The pages of your textbook consist mainly of material made by multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that function as producers in ecosystems. These organisms belong to the kingdom 

Plantae

A student encounters an organism which resembles a plant and whose cells contain a nucleus. The organism is most likely classified as a(n) ____.

Eukarya

A researcher in a lab finds a microscopic organism that is a producer. The organisms are found in extreme environments (i.e., hot springs). The researcher has identified an organism belonging to the domain ____

Archaea

When conducting descriptive research, a scientist primarily uses:

observational data.

You are studying an ecosystem in your campus; after a solid base of carefully observed and described facts, your next step would be to:

make a hypothesis

Four elements make up more than 96% of the mass of most living organisms. Which of the following is NOT one of those four elements?

sodium

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical techniques is a(n) ____.

element

The substance H₂O is considered to be

both a molecule and a compound.

The substance O₂ is considered to be

a molecule but not a compound

What is the atomic mass number of an atom with 7 electrons, 7 neutrons, and 7 protons?

14 daltons

Isotopes of the same element differ from each other in the number of

neutrons only 

The isotope ¹⁴C undergoes radioactive decay with a neutron splitting into an electron and a proton. This decay produces an atom of

nitrogen

Sodium has one valence electron in its third energy level. To reach a stable energy configuration, sodium will tend to

give up an electron to another atom

Which of the following is likely to be chemically unreactive?

argon (8 valence electrons)

Which of the following is most likely to share electrons with other atoms in joint orbitals?

carbon (4 valence electrons)

The chemical bonds that form when atoms that have lost electrons are electrically attracted to atoms that have gained electrons are called ____.

ionic bonds

The chemical bonds that are formed when atoms share electrons equally are called ____.

nonpolar covalent bonds

The chemical bonds that are formed when atoms share electrons unequally are called ____.

polar covalent bonds

Which of the following types of chemical linkages is the weakest?

van der Waals forces

In contrast to ionic bonds, covalent bonds ____.

have distinct, three-dimensional forms

A mixture of vegetable oil and water will separate into layers because oil is ____ and forms ____.

hydrophobic; nonpolar associations

When added to water, a base will act as a ____ and cause the pH of the solution to ____.

proton acceptor; rise

A pH of 6 is ____ times more ____ than a pH of 2.

10,000; basic

For acid rainwater, which has a pH as low as 3.0, which of the following is true?

[H+] > [OH¯]

Without ____, living organisms would often experience major changes in pH in their cells.

buffers

Organic molecules are based on what element?

Carbon

Hydroxyl ( -OH), carbonyl ( >C=O), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), phosphate (-OPO3 2-) and sulfhydryl (-SH) groups participate in biological reactions and are therefore called ________________.

Functional Groups

Reactions that use the equivalent of a water molecule to break a molecule into smaller subunits are called ____ reactions.

hydrolysis

Table sugar, sucrose, is a disaccharide composed of which carbohydrates?

Glucose and Fructose

Isomers are two or more molecules with ____ chemical formula and ____ molecular structures.

the same; different

When molecules are referred to as D- or L- (for example D-forms of sugars and L-forms of amino acids), the D- and L- designations refer to the specific ____.

enantiomer

Amylose, Glycogen, Cellulose and Chitin are all forms of _____________.

carbohydrates

What organic molecules have a chemical formula that is (or is very nearly) a multiple of (CH₂O)?

carbohydrates

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature:

if polyunsatured, contain several double bonds in their fatty acid chains

Lipids that store energy are composed of

a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains

The sex hormones of many animals are a specific type of lipid molecule known as

steroids

In a phospholipid, glycerol is bound to

two fatty acids chains and one phosphate group

The term "secondary structure" refers to a protein's

structure that results from local interactions between different amino acids in the chain

Proteins are composed of amino acids that are composed of a central carbon with attached

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and side group.

Which of the following types of molecules are the most diverse in terms of structure and types of roles in cells?

proteins

Which of the following is NOT a major function of proteins in living organisms?

storing genetic information

RNA differs from DNA because

RNA may contain the pyrimidine uracil and DNA does not

In the DNA double helix structure, the nucleotide base thymine pairs with

adenine

A large molecule whose subunits consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base is a

nucleic acid

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held to each other by ____ bonds between nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen

Adenosine Triphosphate is

a nucleotide

Which of the following is not a form of energy?

diffusion

The ultimate fate of the energy used by organisms is to

be converted into heat

According to the first law of thermodynamics,

energy only changes forms

During every energy transformation, it can be said that

 

the entropy of the universe increases

Identify the exergonic reaction in the list below.

burning wood for a campfire

In a system in which temperature is uniform, free energy is

the energy available to do work.

When a reaction reaches equilibrium,

the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Metabolic pathways

can be either catabolic or anabolic

The term that best describes all of the chemical reactions of the cell, including acquisition and use of molecules and energy, is

metabolism

When there are more reactants than products for a reaction,

the greater concentration of reactants pushes the reaction forward, toward generating more products

Hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive all of the following reactions in a cell except for

all of the other answers reflect functions of ATP in a cell. (active transport of solutes, catabolic reactions, protein activation and phosphorylation of target proteins)

When ATP is split into ADP and P_i,

the binding of ADP or Pi to the target molecule allows the energy of ATP hydrolysis to be transferred to the target molecule

The coupling of endergonic to ____ reactions is used to generate ____ in a cell

exergonic, ATP

Which of the following is true for exergonic reactions?

The products have less free energy than the reactants

Enzymes

change the rate of a reaction

In competitive inhibition

the inhibitor binds to and directly blocks the active site of the enzyme

In noncompetitive feedback inhibition

the products of the reaction at the end of the pathway bind to a site other than the active site of an enzyme at or near the beginning of the pathway and block enzyme activity indirectly

The cofactors required for enzyme activity often are

allosteric activators

The difference between cofactors and coenzymes is that

cofactors can be inorganic or organic, coenzymes are just another name for organic cofactors

Which one of the following is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

nucleus

Which one of the following groups does not belong to the domain of the eukaryotes?

Bacteria

Chromatin consists of ____.

DNA and associated proteins

All of the following are functions of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane EXCEPT ____.

generation of ATP

The nucleoli are found within the nucleus and synthesize ____.

ribosomal subunits

The ____ is/are involved in the synthesis of lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which one of the following cellular components is NOT directly involved in synthesis or secretion of molecules in the cell?

lysosome

Cells active in secreting enzymes would likely exhibit a greater amount of ____ than other cells.

exocytosis

The interior surface area of mitochondria is greatly increased by ____.

cristae

Cellular respiration is the process by which ____ and ____ are converted to water and carbon dioxide during the formation of cellular energy.

O2; glucose

Microfilaments are assembled from the protein ____.

actin 

Cilia and flagella arise from which of the following cellular components?

centrioles

Cell walls are found in ____.

plant and fungal cells

Chloroplasts share many similarities with which one of the following organelles?

mitochondria

The correct sequence of plant cell wall layers, beginning with the outermost layer and progressing inward to the plasma membrane is ____.

middle lamella, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall

Gap junctions _____.

allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells

The main components of the extracellular matrix are ____.

glycoproteins

Which one of the following characteristics is NOT true for all living cells?

All cells contain a nucleus.

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

more than one answer is correct

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

intermediate filaments : tubulin