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Why did Lord North order William Howe to capture New York City?
He wanted to seize control of the Hudson River, isolating the radical Patriots in New England from the south.
Battle of Long Island
First major engagement of the new Continental army, defending against 32,000 British troops outside of New York City; Britain won.
Battle of Saratoga 1777
It was a turning point because the Patriots won and FRANCE provided aid to the US, financially and MILITARILY
What caused an economic decline after the Battle of Saratoga?
A British naval blockade cut off supplies of European manufactures and the British occupation of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia reduced trade
Why was it difficult for the Continental Congress to create an effective army?
The Continental soldiers recruited in Maryland were poor American youths or older foreign born men
Role of Women during the American Revolutionary War?
They created clothing and ran farms that their husbands left
Robert Morris
Secured valuable aid from Holland and France; Chief treasury
Baron von Steuben
Former Prussian military officer that helped train the American army at Valley Forge
Valley Forge
a military camp in which George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly in the winter of 1777-1778.
Benjamin Franklin's role in the American Revolution
He helped in the Treaty of Alliance with France, ensuring the independence of the US
Why did Britain prefer to fight in the South?
The South contributed fewer individuals to war effort in fear of leaving slaves unattended
Why did Spain go to war with Britain in the South?
1779; Aimed to regain Florida and the fortress of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea
Philipsburg Proclamation
declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.
How did the AA contribute to the Patriot Cause?
5,000 free and slave African Americans fought with the Americans
Battle of Saratoga 1781
Last major battle of the war; Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington; Patriots win again!
Advantages of the Patriots
The French aid, "home-field advantage" (they had more land than the British), and leadership (George Washington)
Treaty Of Paris 1783
Britain recognized US independence; US gained all land east of Mississippi River
How did the Revolutionary War impact France?
France became severely in debt; Caused the French Revolution
The Treaty of Versailles 1783
Britain made peace with France and Spain
Pennsylvania's Controversial Constitution of 1776
A constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office
Created a unicameral (ONE-HOUSE, when other states had bicameral, two house legislatures) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto.
John Adams was against the unicameral legislature
What states were truly democratic?
Pennsylvania and Vermont
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams; Wrote a letter to John Adams saying "remember the ladies", urging the Founding Fathers to give rights to women; she hoped to end laws that oppressed women (women can't own property or have contracts)
What happened Loyalists after the Revolutionary War?
They faced financial losses and Patriots demanded that all their property be given to needy Americans (didn't happen); They fled to Canada or other areas.
What happened to NAs after the Revolutionary War?
They were pushed father west, off their land
Mixed Government
called for three branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance of power and ensure the legitimacy of governmental procedures.
Articles of Confederation
The first government the US had; created a weak central government (fear of too much gov power, like Britain in a sense)
states had a lot of power; Each state had one equal vote in the national government
Positives and Negatives of the Articles of Confederation
(+) The Land Ordinance 1785 which sold land west in modern Day Ohio, Michigan. 16th square of the 36 square miles went to education (schools)
(+) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which could make a territory with 60,000 people a state and outlawed slavery in the northwest territories
(-) No Executive Branch
(-) Difficult to pass laws since 9/13 states had to approve
(-) One vote per state, regardless of size
(-) Each state could have its own currency Led to economic challenges
(-) No National Army
(-) Each state could impose tariffs on other states, leading to discouragement in trade
Foreign challenges under the AOC
1) Spain ended the right of deposit in New Orleans, which would give the Americans to store goods there
2) Britain encouraged NAs to attack the US, Impressment (kidnapping of American merchants, caused War of 1812), didn't leave posts
3) Barbary Pirates from Africa captured ships and demanded ransom (sum of money for release of prisoner)
4) France closed off trade with the West Indies and demanded payback of loans from the American Revolution
What did Americans do during the financial crisis after the Revolutionary War?
George Washington called for a national tax system and they began to sell Native American land that they gained.
The Northwest Ordinance
1787; A land act that allowed territories to apply for statehood when they reached 60,000 people; money from 1 / 36 square miles that were sold would go toward education; It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.
Shay's Rebellion
MA (Massachusetts) state legislature increased taxes and farms were foreclosed; Former Revolutionary War vet, Daniel Shay led a rebellion
Impact of the Shay's Rebellion
Demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and it helped many recognize the need for a new government
Tariff
a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
What differences emerged between the north and the south revolving around tariffs?
Northerners favored tariffs, Southerners opposed tariffs
The Philadelphia Convention
A meeting of 55 wealthy/ upper class delegates; THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JOHN ADAMS WERE NOT THERE, THEY WERE FOREIGN DIPLOMATS; George Washington, Ben Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton were there.
Virginia Plan
At the PA Convention, they decide to not revise the AOC, but rather to propose a bicameral legislature where representation in Congress was to be based on population; James Madison
What were the flaws of the Virginia Plans?
1) Most state politicians and citizens resolutely opposed allowing national government to veto state laws
2) the plan representation in the lower house on population would allow populous states to crush small states
New Jersey Plan
Gave the Confederation power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states. Favored smaller states; representation would be equal for each state
The Great Compromise
Combined elements of both VA and NJ plans; Created bicameral legislature; Lower house (representatives) would be based on population and elected by people, upper house (senate) would have 2 per state and elected by state legislatures
3/5 Compromise
60% of slaves would count towards the population for representation in Congress; Advantage in the South
The Constitution
1787; The supreme law of the land; It would take effect when 9/13 states ratified it
Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution of 1787, which created a strong central government
John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison (All wrote the Federalist Papers)
Antifederalists
Opponents of ratification of the Constitution
Feared that a powerful central government would be out of touch with the needs of citizens, like the one they just broke away from
They also complained that it failed to guarantee individual liberties in a bill of rights
Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, James Monroe, and George Mason
The Federalist Papers
85 essays written to promote the Constitution; Federalist 10 discussed factions and challenged the view that republican government only worked in small polities, arguing that a geographically expansive national government would better protect republican liberty.
What is the only way Antifederalists would ratify the constitution?
With the promise of the Bill of Rights
General Braddock
British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war.
The expansion of New France occurred especially... (where?)
Along the paths of lakes and rivers
The original cause of the French and Indian War was...
Competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River valley
The British forces suffered early defeats in the French and Indian War under the command of...
General Braddock
The four parts of the Coercive Acts
Port Bill closed down the Boston Harbor until tea was paid for
Town meetings were banned
The Quartering Act enforced soldiers to be housed by colonists
Administration of Justice Act allowed British officials accused of crimes to be tried in Britain, not Massachusetts
