Henretta Chapter 6

Why did Lord North order William Howe to capture New York City?

He wanted to seize control of the Hudson River, isolating the radical Patriots in New England from the south.

Battle of Long Island

First major engagement of the new Continental army, defending against 32,000 British troops outside of New York City; Britain won.

Battle of Saratoga 1777

It was a turning point because the Patriots won and FRANCE provided aid to the US, financially and MILITARILY

What caused an economic decline after the Battle of Saratoga?

A British naval blockade cut off supplies of European manufactures and the British occupation of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia reduced trade

Why was it difficult for the Continental Congress to create an effective army?

The Continental soldiers recruited in Maryland were poor American youths or older foreign born men

Role of Women during the American Revolutionary War?

They created clothing and ran farms that their husbands left

Robert Morris

Secured valuable aid from Holland and France; Chief treasury

Baron von Steuben

Former Prussian military officer that helped train the American army at Valley Forge

Valley Forge

a military camp in which George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly in the winter of 1777-1778.

Benjamin Franklin's role in the American Revolution

He helped in the Treaty of Alliance with France, ensuring the independence of the US

Why did Britain prefer to fight in the South?

The South contributed fewer individuals to war effort in fear of leaving slaves unattended

Why did Spain go to war with Britain in the South?

1779; Aimed to regain Florida and the fortress of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea

Philipsburg Proclamation

declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.

How did the AA contribute to the Patriot Cause?

5,000 free and slave African Americans fought with the Americans

Battle of Saratoga 1781

Last major battle of the war; Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington; Patriots win again!

Advantages of the Patriots

The French aid, "home-field advantage" (they had more land than the British), and leadership (George Washington)

Treaty Of Paris 1783

Britain recognized US independence; US gained all land east of Mississippi River

How did the Revolutionary War impact France?

France became severely in debt; Caused the French Revolution

The Treaty of Versailles 1783

Britain made peace with France and Spain

Pennsylvania's Controversial Constitution of 1776

A constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office

Created a unicameral (ONE-HOUSE, when other states had bicameral, two house legislatures) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto.

John Adams was against the unicameral legislature

What states were truly democratic?

Pennsylvania and Vermont

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams; Wrote a letter to John Adams saying "remember the ladies", urging the Founding Fathers to give rights to women; she hoped to end laws that oppressed women (women can't own property or have contracts)

What happened Loyalists after the Revolutionary War?

They faced financial losses and Patriots demanded that all their property be given to needy Americans (didn't happen); They fled to Canada or other areas.

What happened to NAs after the Revolutionary War?

They were pushed father west, off their land

Mixed Government

called for three branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance of power and ensure the legitimacy of governmental procedures.

Articles of Confederation

The first government the US had; created a weak central government (fear of too much gov power, like Britain in a sense)

states had a lot of power; Each state had one equal vote in the national government

Positives and Negatives of the Articles of Confederation

(+) The Land Ordinance 1785 which sold land west in modern Day Ohio, Michigan. 16th square of the 36 square miles went to education (schools)

(+) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which could make a territory with 60,000 people a state and outlawed slavery in the northwest territories

(-) No Executive Branch

(-) Difficult to pass laws since 9/13 states had to approve

(-) One vote per state, regardless of size

(-) Each state could have its own currency Led to economic challenges

(-) No National Army

(-) Each state could impose tariffs on other states, leading to discouragement in trade

Foreign challenges under the AOC

1) Spain ended the right of deposit in New Orleans, which would give the Americans to store goods there

2) Britain encouraged NAs to attack the US, Impressment (kidnapping of American merchants, caused War of 1812), didn't leave posts

3) Barbary Pirates from Africa captured ships and demanded ransom (sum of money for release of prisoner)

4) France closed off trade with the West Indies and demanded payback of loans from the American Revolution

What did Americans do during the financial crisis after the Revolutionary War?

George Washington called for a national tax system and they began to sell Native American land that they gained.

The Northwest Ordinance

1787; A land act that allowed territories to apply for statehood when they reached 60,000 people; money from 1 / 36 square miles that were sold would go toward education; It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Shay's Rebellion

MA (Massachusetts) state legislature increased taxes and farms were foreclosed; Former Revolutionary War vet, Daniel Shay led a rebellion

Impact of the Shay's Rebellion

Demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and it helped many recognize the need for a new government

Tariff

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

What differences emerged between the north and the south revolving around tariffs?

Northerners favored tariffs, Southerners opposed tariffs

The Philadelphia Convention

A meeting of 55 wealthy/ upper class delegates; THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JOHN ADAMS WERE NOT THERE, THEY WERE FOREIGN DIPLOMATS; George Washington, Ben Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton were there.

Virginia Plan

At the PA Convention, they decide to not revise the AOC, but rather to propose a bicameral legislature where representation in Congress was to be based on population; James Madison

What were the flaws of the Virginia Plans?

1) Most state politicians and citizens resolutely opposed allowing national government to veto state laws

2) the plan representation in the lower house on population would allow populous states to crush small states

New Jersey Plan

Gave the Confederation power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states. Favored smaller states; representation would be equal for each state

The Great Compromise

Combined elements of both VA and NJ plans; Created bicameral legislature; Lower house (representatives) would be based on population and elected by people, upper house (senate) would have 2 per state and elected by state legislatures

3/5 Compromise

60% of slaves would count towards the population for representation in Congress; Advantage in the South

The Constitution

1787; The supreme law of the land; It would take effect when 9/13 states ratified it

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution of 1787, which created a strong central government

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison (All wrote the Federalist Papers)

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution

Feared that a powerful central government would be out of touch with the needs of citizens, like the one they just broke away from

They also complained that it failed to guarantee individual liberties in a bill of rights

Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, James Monroe, and George Mason

The Federalist Papers

85 essays written to promote the Constitution; Federalist 10 discussed factions and challenged the view that republican government only worked in small polities, arguing that a geographically expansive national government would better protect republican liberty.

What is the only way Antifederalists would ratify the constitution?

With the promise of the Bill of Rights

General Braddock

British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war.

The expansion of New France occurred especially... (where?)

Along the paths of lakes and rivers

The original cause of the French and Indian War was...

Competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River valley

The British forces suffered early defeats in the French and Indian War under the command of...

General Braddock

The four parts of the Coercive Acts

Port Bill closed down the Boston Harbor until tea was paid for

Town meetings were banned

The Quartering Act enforced soldiers to be housed by colonists

Administration of Justice Act allowed British officials accused of crimes to be tried in Britain, not Massachusetts