Hematology exam 1

8/10/26-

components of blood

RBC (O2 transport), WBC (immune system) , plasma (cell transportation), platelets (clotting/hemostasis)

blood collection volume

10%- 20% of total body weight

Where do blood cells originate?”

Liver

microhematocrit tubes

look at cellular vs liquid portions of blood

PCV to determine % RBC

Canine normal PCV

normal is around 45% PCV

Horse and pig normal PCV

42%

Sheep normal PCV

38%

Cat normal PCV

37%

Cattle normal PCV

35%

Goat normal PCV

28%

PCV Icterus

PCV hemolysis

PCV lipemia

increases in water

decreases protein proportion so more plasmaa

TP

include albumin (majority) and globulins

TP higher in dehydrated animals

chemistry analyzer

measures TP using a chemical reaction

TP - Albumin + Globulins

serum

has no clotting factors

what remains after blood clotted

doesnt contain fibrinogen

Plasma

has clotting factors

liquid portion of unclotted blood

Protein electrophoresis

separates proteins based on charge

Monoclonal gammopathy

cancer

Polyclonal gammopathy

infection

Acute- Phase response

innate immune system

Positive APP

increase inflammation

• Fibrinogen (horse and cow)

• Serum Amyloid A (horse and cow)

• C- Reactive protein (dog and cat)

Negative APP

decrease inflammation

• albumin

• transferrin

Hematopoiesis

production of RBC, where it occurs depends on animals stage of life-

adult- bone marrow

fetus- liver

embryo- yolk sack

Hematapoietic cells

cells involved in producing the different blood cell lineages

RBC, monocytes, lymphocytes

What can mesenchymal stem cells become

supporting tissues (bone, cartilage, fat)

What can hematopoietic precursors become

blood cells

(all types)

autocrine cell signaling

cell signals to itself

Paracrine cell signaling

cell to cell signaling e

endocrine cell signaling

cell signaling to other cell across blood stream

Growth factor for erythroid cells

EPO (erythroprotein) produced in the kidneys

stimulates RBC production

increased concentrations = increased RBC

G-CSF

granulocyte colony stimulating factor (neutrophil production)

GM-CSF

granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating hormone

monocytes (macrophage/dendritic cell production)

lymphocytes mature in the

B- bone marrow

T- Thymus

interleukin needed for eosinophil maturiation

IL-5

growth factor for megakaryocytes and platelets

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

stimulates the development of megakaryocytes increasing platelet production

main components of erythrocytes structure and function

lipid bilayer/membrane- outer boundary of RBC, helps with shape

skeletal membrane- form inner lattice to maintain shape
Hemoglobin- carries oxygen, transports CO2
Enzymatic pathways- provide energy and protect from oxidative damage

most animals normal RBC shape

discocytes (biconcave disc)

camelids RBC shape

ovalocytes

Pig RBC shape

echinocytes

goat RBC shape

poikilocyte

Deer RBC shape

Drepanocyte

birds/fish/reptiles RBC shape

nucleateed oval erythrocytes

erythrocyte antigen for horse

A and Q factors

erythrocyte antigen for dogs

DEA-1, DEA-4, Dal

erythrocyte anitgen for cats

AB group, Mik group

type B cats are PICKY about blood transfusion

Rouleax association

when RBC stack like coins, normal in cats and horses

Agglutination association

when RBC clump like grapes bc antigens are sticking, dangerous

Polychromatiaphils

immature RBC that are purple/blue on stain due to increased RNA in structure

Reticulocytes

immature RBC that contain ribosomal RNA, have blue dots on stain

Reticulocytosis

an increased number of immature RBC (reticulocytes) in blood- response to anemia trying to regenerate RBC count

caused by Hemorrhage, hemolysis

hormone responsible to RBC production

EPO- erythropoietin

Aggregate reticulocytes

large clumps of RNA which indicates active regeneration

punctuated reticulocytes

have scattered pinpoints of RNA, do not indicate active regeneration (older cells)

What species does not release reticulocytes

horses

lifespan of erythrocytes

2-5 months, die due to oxidative damage, are removed in the spleen, liver and bone marrow

what waste product is formed due to erythrocytes breaking down?

Bilirubin

excreted in bile in the liver

excess bilirubin can cause ictus and hyperbilirubinemia

What factors affect hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity?

pressure (pO2)

higher affinity holds onto oxygen strongly

lower affinity releases oxygen freely

oxygen affinity

how strongly hemoglobin binds to oxygen

Higher affinity

Left shift

less DPG, less T, less CO2, less H+

holds onto O strongly

Lower affinity

Right shift

higher DPG, higher T, higher H+, higher CO2

releases O easily

3 parts of RBC that oxidation can damage

RBC membrane

Heinz bodies

Heme group

oxidation of heinz body

decreases RBC lifespan and deform cell

oxidation of heme groups

metheme group cannot bind with oxygen which decreases RBC ability to carry O2 turning RBC brown

oxidation of RBC membrane

alters membrane which decreases lifespan

RBC antioxidants

cytochrome, Glutathione, Catalase

RBC metabolism

RBC have no mitochondria so rely on glycolysis for ATP

How does Hepcidin affect iron absorbtion

acts like the stoplight. Will bind to iron which blocks it from exiting transmembrane gates, keeping it in the cell. feedback loop regulation

iron is stored in the form of

ferratin, hemosiderin

How does transferrin affect iron absorbtion

act as ferratin shuttles and moves iron around body

when hepcidin is high

iron is high in the body

what effect does iron deficiency have on erythropoiesis

less iron decreases RBC production, causes smaller RBC, causes pale RBC

microcytic RBC

smaller than normal

Hypochromic RBC

pale RBC