3. management theories

who developed Scientific Management Theory?

Frederick Taylor - American engineer

this theory is done in order to address the growing need to improve industrial production

Scientific Management Theory

central premise of Scientific Management Theory goes as follows: management and labor both want to _____ _____

increase productivity

this is done to have a controlled observation of the workers' performance done with time and motion studies

Taylor's System of Work Improvement

5 basic components of Taylor's System of Work Improvement include:

1. Analysis and synthesis of elements of operation through time and motion studies

2. Scientific selection of workers

3. Training of workers

4. Proper tools and equipment

5. Proper incentives and payment

who introduced Systematic Management Theory

Henri Fayol - Frenchman

Henri Fayol is also termed as?

Father of Systematic Management

what theory devised the traditional operational school of management?

Systematic Management Theory

Systematic Management Theory introduced _____ with the aim of setting up a structure that would both _____ and _____

management principles; promote order and raise worker's morale

termed as right to give orders and the power to exact obedience

Authority

termed as giving specific task to each worker

Division of Work

termed as no slacking and bending of rules

Discipline

termed as each employee has one and only boss to give instructions

Unity of Command

termed as only one person is in-charge of the groups' activities

Unity of Direction

termed as when at work, only work should be pursued or thought about

Subordination of Individual Interest

termed as employees receive fair payment or compensation for services

Renumeration

termed as consolidation of management functions

Centralization of Authority

termed as formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization

Chain of Command

termed as focuses on importance of human elements

Decentralization of Authority

termed as all materials and personnel have prescribed values and places

Material and Social Order Embodied in the Institution's Policies and Regulations

termed as fair and just treatment

Equity and Justice

termed as limited turnover of personnel

Stability of Personnel Tenure

termed as interconnectedness of people

Scalar Chain

termed as line of authority

Hierarchy

termed as harmony and cohesion among personnel

Espirit de corps

2 undefined principles of management (in the module) include:

1. Initiative

2. Motivation of Personnel

who proposed Organizational Theory?

Max Weber

Max Weber is termed as?

Father of Theory of Social and Economic Organization

Organizational Theory advocated a complex form of bureaucracy based on _____, division of work based on _____

hierarchy of authority; specialization of function

in this theory, responsibilities and rights of workers were governed by specific rules

Organizational Theory

in Organizational Theory, organization of workers are measured based on _____

individual competence

4 theories emphasizing ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE include:

1. Scientific Management Theory

2. Taylor's System of Work Improvement

3. Systematic Management Theory

4. Organizational Theory

who developed Social Process (theory)?

Mary Follet - American

Mary Follet is also termed as?

Mother of Modern Management

Social Process (theory)

• Focused on motivation of individuals and groups alike toward achieving a _____

• _____ and _____; devoted to what motivated the worker

• Manager worked together with ____ to study a situation and take the best action

1. common goal

2. collaboration and cooperation

3. employee

who invented Hawthorne Effect (theory)?

1. Elton Mayo

2. Fritz Roethlisberger

2 people tested the assumptions of the _____ theory through studies called the Hawthorne Effect

Scientific Management

termed as momentary change of behavior or performance in response to a change in a worker's environment

Hawthorne Effect

Hawthorne Effect is used to identify any type of?

brief spike in productivity

in this phenomenon, people are more productive when they feel appreciated or when watched momentarily

Hawthorne Effect

2 theories focusing on HUMAN RELATIONS include:

1. Social Process

2. Hawthorne Effect

who developed Management by Objectives (theory)?

Peter Drucker

Peter Drucker is termed as?

Father of Modern Corporate Management

termed as consensual process where both management and rank-and-file meet in order to understand and agree on the organization's objectives

Modern Corporate Management

who developed Management as Decision Making (theory)?

Herbert Simon

who posited the view that decisions are made by all employees at all levels of organization, forming a network of decision-makers?

Herbert Simon

2 distinct approaches to decision making include:

1. optimizing

2. satisficing

termed as searching for the absolute best alternative

Optimizing

termed as choosing the first solution that is "good enough" to work

Satisficing

who developed Managerial Roles (theory)?

Henrey Mintzberg

3 basic roles of typical manager include:

1. Interpersonal

2. Informational

3. Decision-making roles

termed as figurehead, leader, liaison

Interpersonal

termed as monitoring the organization, sharing info observed, and serving as a spokesperson

Informational

termed as an entrepreneur, disturbance handler, negotiator, and allocator all at once

Decision-making roles

3 CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT theories include:

1. Management by Objectives

2. Management as Decision Making

3. Managerial Roles

who discovered Hierarchy of Needs (theory)?

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow is termed as?

Father of Humanistic Psychology

termed as achieving one's achieving one's full potential, including creative activities

Self-actualization

termed as prestige and feeling of accomplishment

Esteem needs

termed as intimate relationships, friends

Belongingness and love needs

termed as security, safety

Safety needs

termed as food, water, warmth, rest - Hierarchy of Needs (theory)

Physiological needs

self-actualization is included in what bracket of Hierarchy of Needs (theory)?

Self-fulfillment needs

belongingness and love needs are included in what bracket of Hierarchy of Needs (theory)?

Psychological needs

safety needs are included in what bracket of Hierarchy of Needs (theory)?

Basic needs

esteem needs are included in what bracket of Hierarchy of Needs (theory)?

Psychological needs

physiological needs are included in what bracket of Hierarchy of Needs (theory)?

Basic needs

who discovered Motivation-Hygiene Theory?

Frederick Herzberg

this theory is also called Two Factor Theory

Motivation-Hygiene Theory

in Two Factor Theory, there are 2 factors that influence people; they are:

1. Hygiene

2. Motivation

who discovered Theory X and Y?

Douglas McGregor

Douglas McGregor developed what school?

Human Relations School of Management

Douglas McGregor developed 2 theories dubbed _____ and _____, which worked on 2 different sets of assumptions

1. Theory X

2. Theory Y

in this theory, managers believe that their employees are basically lazy, need constant supervision and direction, and are indifferent to organizational needs

Theory X

in this theory, managers believe that their workers enjoy their work, are self-motivated, and are willing to work hard to meet personal and organizational goals

Theory Y

who discovered Theory Z?

William Ouchi - Japanese sociologist

what precious theory did william Ouchi expand and enlarge?

Theory Y

in the 7 basic criteria that characterized the Japanese "Seven S", how many are ‘hard S’ and how many are ‘soft S’?

4 ‘hard S’, 3 ‘soft S’

termed as those which hold the organization together

Superordinate goals

termed as method of doing things

Strategy

termed as concern with the physical plant and facilities

Structure

termed as coherence of all parts of the organization to work for a common goal

Systems

4 ‘hard S’ include:

1. Superordinate goals

2. Strategy

3. Structure

4. Systems

termed as concern for the right people to do the job

Staff

termed as developing and training people

Skills

termed as manner of handling peers, subordinates and superiors

Style

3 ‘soft S’ include:

1. Staff

2. Skills

3. Style

this theory focuses on people's wants and their desire to achieve it

Vroom's Expectancy Theory (of Motivation)

3 variables in Vroom's Expectancy Theory (of Motivation) include:

1. Force

2. Valence

3. Expectancy

termed as decreases the amount of effort one will exert to reach one's goal

Force

termed as concerned with level of attractiveness or unattractiveness of ones' goal

Valence

termed as perceived possibility that the goal will be achieved

Expectancy