#19. Pathophysiology / Part 5. Disease at the Organ Level

DNA

What are inherited traits determined by?

genetic structure

What do humans inherit from parents?

46

How many chromosomes are contained by human somatic cells?

23

How many chromosomes are contained in human sex cells?

23 from father, 23 from mother

How many chromosomes come from each parent?

multifactorial disorders

What are diseases caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors?

perfusion

What is a constant, necessary passage of blood through the body's tissues?

hypoperfusion

What is a critical condition in which the body's organs are not getting enough oxygen that is progressive and fatal if not corrected?

heart, blood, blood vessels

What are the components of the circulatory system?

heart

What is the pump of the cardiovascular system?

preload

What is the amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole?

cardiac contractile force

What does preload affect?

more ventricle streching

What occurs when there is a greater volume of preload?

catecholamines

What enhances cardiac contractile strength?

afterload

What is the resistance that the ventricle must contract against?

cardiac output

What is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute?

stroke volume x heart rate

How do you measure cardiac output?

peripheral vascular resistance

What is the pressure against which the heart must pump?

blood pressure

What is dependent on cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance?

blood

What is the fluid of the cardiovascular system?

plasma, formed elements

What does blood consist of?

oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, heat

What does blood transport?

adequate amount of blood

What is required for perfusion?

natriuretic peptides (NPs)

What controls the long-term regulation of sodium and water balance, blood volume, and arterial pressure?

respiratory system

What system brings oxygen into the body?

alveolar-capillary membrane

Where does oxygen diffuse into the bloodstream?

oxygen-enriched blood

What type of blood circulates from the lungs to the heart?

carbon dioxide

What leaves the bloodstream during oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange?

lymphatic system

Where are metabolic waste products carried by the blood expelled?

kidneys

What cleans waste from blood?

urine

What is waste cleaned by the kidneys excreted as?

impairment of cellular metabolism

What is the ultimate outcome of shock?

change from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism

What type of metabolic change occurs during hypoperfusion?

ATP

In anaerobic respiration, glucose breakdown stops after glycolysis and cellular stores of what are used up much faster than can be repaired?

sodium-potassium pumping mechanism

What pumping mechanism fails in anaerobic respiration?

cellular death

When the cell membrane ruptures, what soon follows?

hyperglycemia

What occurs when glucose is prevented from entering cells and remains in the blood?

protein depletion

What causes organ failure in gluconeogenesis?

baroreceptors

What detects a fall in cardiac output, detected as a decrease in arterial blood pressure?

compensation

What state occurs when the barocepters activate the body systems that attempt to reestablish normal blood pressure?

renin-angiotensin system

What aids the body in maintaining an adequate blood pressure?

compensated shock

What type of shock attempts to restore normal circulatory volume, if shock state has not progressed too far?

decompensated shock

What type of shock occurs if the conditions causing it are too serious or progress too rapidly, causing normal compensatory mechanisms to be unable to restore normal function?

irreversible shock

What is the state of shock that is a condition where correction is no longer possible?

cardiac depression

What is a critical factor in the downward spiral of decompensation?

depression of vasomotor center in brain

What is a consequence of reduced blood pressure?

according to cause

How is shock classified?

cardiogenic shock

What kind of shock occurs due to the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to supply all body parts?

severe left ventricular failure, acute MI, or CHF

What is cardiogenic shock usually caused by?

pulmonary edema, AMS, oliguria

What signs occur in cardiogenic shock?

hypovolemic shock

What shock occurs due to a loss of intravascular volume?

AMS, pale skin, blood pressure normal then drops, rapid pulse then slowing, oliguria, chance of arrythmias

What are the "classic" signs of shock?

neurogenic shock

What type of shock is caused by an injury to the brain or spinal cord?

airway support, oxygenation, ventilation, body temperature maintenance, IV access

What is the general treatment for shock?

anaphylactic shock

What type of shock is a severe allergic response and occurs very rapidly?

skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, nervous

What systems can anaphylactic shock affect?

pharmacological treatment

What is the treatment of anaphylactic shock?

septic shock

What type of shock is caused by an infection entering the bloodstream and being carried throughout the body?

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

What is a progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury?

respiratory system

What systems is most susceptible to septic shock?

Primary MODS

What type of MODS occurs when organ damage results from a specific cause resulting from an episode of shock, trauma, or surgery?

secondary MODS

What type of MODS occurs the next time there is insult; prime dcells are activated, producing an exaggerated inflammatory response?