1) Histology of the Kidney and Glomerular Disease

In the lower third of the ureter, an additional muscle layer is present. What is the orientation of this layer?

Longitudinal

Which of the following correctly lists the four main histological layers of the urinary bladder wall, from innermost to outermost?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (detrusor muscle), adventitia/serosa

Which of the following correctly identifies the three main layers of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), from innermost to outermost?

Fenestrated endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, podocyte foot processes

GFR = Kf × [(PGC − PBC) − (πGC − πBC)]

GFR = Kf × [(PGC − PBC) − (πGC − πBC)]

Which type of glomerular disease is characterized by increased cellularity within the glomeruli, often due to infiltration by inflammatory cells or proliferation of intrinsic cells?

Proliferative

Which classification of glomerular disease involves expansion and proliferation of mesangial cells and matrix without significant capillary wall involvement?

Mesangial

Which glomerular disease is characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane due to subepithelial immune complex deposition, typically without significant hypercellularity?

Membranous

Which type of glomerular disease shows both basement membrane thickening and increased cellularity, with a "tram-track" appearance on light microscopy?

Membranoproliferative

Which glomerular disease classification is associated with inflammation of small blood vessels and is often seen in ANCA-associated conditions or systemic autoimmune disorders like lupus?

Vasculitis-related