Animal Nutrition Definitions & History

Preparation for Exam 1 (ASC 378)

Nutrition

the sum of the processes in an animal by which food substances are consumed, metabolized, and eliminated

Nutrient

Any matieral that aids in the support of life in a normal healthy animal

Feed and Feedstuff

Any product, natural or synthetic, that when properly used in the diet has nutritional value

Examples of Natural Feed

corn, wheat, alfalfa, soybeans, potatoes

Examples of Natural Processed Feed

soybean meal, wheat germ meal, alfalfa leaf meal, distillers dried solubles

What is an example of Synthetic Feed

A pure vitamin (e.g., Vitamin E)

Six Nutrient Classes are..

Protein, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water

Diet

a combination of feedstuffs

Ration

Amount of feed consumed by (or provided to) an animal in a 24 hour period

Supplement

A feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritional balance or diet

What are the 3 ways to use supplements

I. Mix with other ingredients to form a complete diet (e.g., corn + soybean meal + vitamin/supplment)

II. Feed free choice (e.g., salt block)

III. Feed undiluted (e.g., molasses-urea liquid)

Concentrate

A feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains < (less than) 18% fiber as crude fiber

Roughage

A feedstuff containing > 18% fiber as crude fiber

Digestion

The physical & chemical reactions feedstuffs undergo from intake to absorption from the gut

Distribution

Movement of nutrients from absorption site to cells of body

Metabolism

The chemical processes that nutrients undergo after absorption

Anabolism

Any constructive process by which simple substances are convertedd into more complex substances

Catabolism

Any destructive process by which complex substances are converted into more simple compounds

Enzymes

Biocatalysts, secreted by living cells, which activate and/or accelerate chemical reactions; many enzymes have cofactors and coenzymes

Cofactors

which activate the enzymes (e.g., many minerals)

Coenzymes

which function in conjunction with the enzymes; these are not a permanent part of the enzyme; they often act as intermediate carriers of electrons or as functional groups for transport of chemical moieties

Hormones

Chemical agents synthesized by particular parts of the body which are then carried by the blood to other parts of the body where they elict a physiological response by action on specific tissues or organs

Beginning with feed, and ending with waste, what are the processes in between?

In order - Feed, Digestion, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Production and Waste

What is the Chinese description of Goiter, and when was it discovered?

Goiter - prescribed seaweed and burnt sponge providing a good source of iodine. Discovered in 3000 BC

In 601 BC.. (Jeremiah 14:6)

“Wild donkeys stand on the barren heights and pant like jackals; their eyesight fails for lack of pasture” - a blindness caused by Vitamine A deficiency

Historical Fact from 400 BC

Hippocrates (Father of Medicine): “children produce more heat and need more food than adults”; “Persons who are naturally fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender”

Who and when was it discovered that citrus fruits were a cure for scurvy

Lind in 1747

Who is the Father or Nutrition, when and what did he discover?

Antoine Lavoisier established the chemical basis of nutrition and that energy (heat) was derived from oxidation of food in 1780

Historical Fact from 1833

William Beaumont (outstanding pioneer in the study of gastric digestion in man) published results of his studies on a man who was shot in the stomach and had a fistula upon healing

Historical Fact from 1860

Henneberg and Stohman (Weende Expt Station in Germany) developed the proximate analysis to evaluate feedstuffs in nonruminant livestock; divided feedstuffs into 6 components: water, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, protein, and NFE.

When was the role of vitamin D discovered 1922

Role of Vitamin D in rickets defined (this made confinement rearing of poultry possible)

Historical Fact from 1930

Rose at Illinois started the amino acid era in nutrition; classified amino acids as essential and nonessential