Literary and poetry terms (must knows)
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61 Terms
Tone
The author’s attitude toward the subject or audience.
Syntax
The ordering of words into meaningful phrases and sentences.
Persona
A voice or speaker created by the author, not necessarily the author.
Speaker
The voice of the poem; may or may not be the author.
Free verse
Open form poetry not bound by regular meter or rhyme.
Stanza
A grouped set of lines in poetry, separated by spaces.
Rhyme scheme
The pattern of rhymes in a poem.
Couplet
Two consecutive lines of poetry, often rhymed.
Quatrain
A four-line stanza with various rhyme schemes.
Sonnet
A fixed form lyric poem of 14 lines; Italian or English variants.
LYRICAL POEM F 14 LINES
Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet
Sonnet with an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines), often abbaabba.
Octave
An 8-line stanza, often the first part of a Petrarchan sonnet.
Sestet
A six-line stanza.
Shakespearean (English) Sonnet
14 lines in three quatrains and a final couplet, abab cdcd efef gg.
Villanelle
A fixed form of 19 lines with repeating refrains and a specific rhyme scheme.
Elegy
A mournful lyric poem commemorating the dead. (SIMILAR TO EULOGY)
Ode
A lyric poem expressing strong emotion, often praising something.
Pastoral
A poem that idealizes rural life and nature.
End rhyme
Rhyme at the ends of lines.
Internal rhyme
Rhyme occurring within a single line.
Masculine rhyme
Rhyme on a single stressed syllable.
Feminine rhyme
Rhyme with a stressed syllable followed by one or more unstressed syllables.
Near rhyme / Slant rhyme / Approximate rhyme
Rhymes that are close but not exact.
Onomatopoeia
Words that imitate sounds (e.g., buzz, hiss).
Alliteration
Repetition of the same consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words.
Assonance
Repetition of internal vowel sounds in nearby words.
Consonance
Repetition of consonant sounds, often at the ends of words.
Euphony (THINK HARMONY)
Smooth, pleasant sounds in language.
Cacophony (DUHN DUHN DUHNNNN)
Harsh, discordant sounds used for dramatic effect.
Metaphor (UNLIKE)
A comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as.”
Simile (DIRECT)
A direct comparison using “like” or “as.”
Implied metaphor
A metaphor that is not directly stated.
Extended metaphor
A sustained metaphor that continues through a passage or entire work.
Personification
Giving human qualities to non-human things.
Synecdoche
A part stands for the whole, or the whole for a part.
Ex: All hands on deck; everyone is ready
Metonymy
Something closely associated stands for the thing itself.
Hyperbole
Bold exaggeration used for emphasis or humor.
Understatement
Making something seem less important or serious than it is.
Paradox
A statement that seems opposite itself but reveals a deeper truth.
Oxymoron
Two opposite terms placed side by side (e.g., jumbo shrimp).
Diction
A writer’s word choice and style, ranging from formal to informal.
Formal diction
Dignified, impersonal, and precise language.
Informal diction
Casual, everyday language.
Denotation
The literal dictionary meaning of a word.
Connotation
The emotional or cultural meaning of a word beyond its dictionary definition.
Rhythm
The recurrence of stresses and pauses in poetry; the beat.
Stress / Accent
The emphasis or accent given a syllable in pronunciation.
Meter
The rhythmic pattern of stresses in verse.
Foot
The basic metrical unit of a line of verse.
Line
A single line of poetry, measured by the number of feet it contains.
Iamb
A metrical foot with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
Trochee
A metrical foot with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.
Anapest
A foot with two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.
Dactyl
A foot with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.
Spondee
A foot with two stressed syllables.
Iambic pentameter (penta=5)
A verse line of five iambic feet.
Blank verse
Unrhymed iambic pentameter.
Caesura (causes pause)
A pause within a line of poetry that affects rhythm.
End-stopped line
A line that ends with a pause or punctuation.
Enjambment (Run-on line)
A line that continues into the next without a pause.