Applied Kinesiology quiz 1

kinesiology

study of human motion or human movement

anatomic kinesiology

study of the human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system

structural kinesiology

study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

what does the american kinesiology association define kinesiology as

the academic discipline which involves the study of physical activity and its impact on health society and quality of life

what does the fundamental position of the human body consist of

standing upright

arms at sides

head facing forward

feet facing forward

what does the anatomical position of the human body consist of

standing upright

arms out at sides

head facing forward

feet facing forward

palms facing forwards

mid-axillary line

a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)

anterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold

posterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold

mid clavicular line

a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle

mid inguinal point

a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis

anterior(ventral)

in front

posterior(dorsal)

behind

inferior

below

superior

above

medial

toward inside or midline

lateral

toward outside

proximal

nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment

distal

away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment

dorsal

back

ventral

front

prone

position where a person lies face down on their stomach

supine

the position where a person or animal lies face up on their back

dexter

relating to or on the right side of something

sinister

relating to or on the left side of something

plane of motion

imaginary two dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved

motion occurs __ __ _______ _ _____ revolving around an ____

in or through a plane; axis

there is a 90 degree relationship between a plane of motion and its ___

which is perpendicular to the plane motion

axis(or axes)

line passing perpendicularly through a plane

motion occurs in a plane

around an axis

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into medical and lateral parts

• common movements: flexion and extension

• ex: sit up

frontal (or coronal) plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

• common movements: adduction and abduction

• ex: jumping jacks

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into inferior and superior parts

• common movements: pronation and supination

• ex: turning a door knob

center of mass (com)

the point at which all three mid cardinal planes intersect

biomechanical definition

point about which all mass acts

flexion

reduce the angle between two bones at a joint

ex: lifting the weight reduces the angle at the joint

extension

increases the angle between two bones at a joint

ex: lowering the weight to increase the angle at the joint

abduction

moving a segment away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving segment towards the midline of the body (adding it to the body)

pronation

when the palm is moved to face down or posteriorly

supination

when the palm is moved to face up or anteriorly

medial rotation

rotation toward the midline

ex: sideways band pulls inward

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

ex: sideways band pulls releasing

circumduction

a cone of movement that does not include any rotation

occurs when flexion and extension movements are combines with abduction and adduction movements'

ex: tracking an imaginary circle in the air with your index finger

dorsiflexion

bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

plantarflexion

pushing the top of the foot away from the lower leg or shin (planting the foot)

inversion

when the sole of the foot is turned inward(as when you roll your ankle)

eversion

when the sole of your foot is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body

function of the skeletal system

1. protection of heart lungs brain etc

2. support to maintain posture

3. movement by serving as points of attachment for muscle and acting as levers

4. mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus

5. hematopoiesis- process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

articular cartilage

smooth surface for movement of joints

reduces friction

provides cushioning to absorb shock

compact bone (cortical bone)

spongy bone (trabecular or cancellous bone) is surrounded by what

activity

strength and thickness of bones depends on ___

joints

bones of skeleton are connected by

periosteum

membrane covering the surface of bone which contains

blood and lymph vessels

nerves

osteoblasts- bone forming cells

osteoclasts- bone resorbing cells

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses

calcium carbonate

calcium phosphate

collagen

water

what are bones composed of

60-70%

how much bone weight is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

25-30%

how much of bone weight is water

tension

collagen provides some flexibility and strength in resisting ___

collagen

aging cause progessive loss of ___ and increases brittleness

pliable, brittle

if mineral is removed, bone is too____. If collagen is removed bone is too ___

circumferentially and longitudinally

bone grows both ____ and ____

longitudinal growth

occurs at the epiphyseal plate and seals at 18-25 years old

circumferential growth

results from an increased cross sectional area and remain metabolically active throughout lifespan

condyle

rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone

epicondyle

a small condyle

facet

small faily flat smooth surface of a bone generally an articular surface

foramen

a hole in a bone through which nerves or vessels pass

fossa

a shallow dish shaped section of a bone that provides space for an articulation with another bone or serves as a muscle attachment

process

a bony prominence

tuberosity

a raised section of bone to which a ligament tendon or muscle attaches usually created or enlarged by the stress of the muscle’s pull on that bone during growth

collagen

provide strength but lack flexibility

elastin

can stretch and provide flexibility to return to their former shape but lack strength

long bones

composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide protruding ends

shaft of a bone contains the medullary canal

ex: phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus

short bones

small cubical shaped solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone

ex: carpals, tarsals

flat bones

usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin

ex: ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula

irregular bones

include bones throughout entire spine and ischium, pubis, and maxilla

sesamoid bones

small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units

ex: patella 1st metatarsophalangeal, 1st metacarpophalangeal

tension

compression

bending

shear

torsion

what are the different types of tissue loading

tension loading

tissue is loaded along its long axis pulling the tissue in opposite directions

compression loading

the tissue is loaded along the long axis pushing the tissue towards the center

bending loading

forces acting in opposite directions causing tension on the longer side and compression on the smaller side

shear loading

forces acting in opposite directions across the long axis of the tissue

torsion loading

forces cause a rotation force along the long axis of the tissue

diarthrodial

freely movable joints

amphiarthrodial

slightly movable hoints

synarthrodial

immovable joints

joint

location at which two or more bones connect or come into contact with each other

articulation

the connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bone

can be point of contact between- cones, cartilage and joints, teeth and bones

arthrology

scientific study of joints concerned with the anatomy function dysfunction and treatment of joints

structural classification- based on interposed structure

biomechanical classification- based on number of bones and its biomechanical properties

functional classification- based on movement

joints are categorized based on

fibrous joints

joint joined by collagen

ex: sutures of skull

cartilaginous joint

joint joined by cartilage

ex: manubrio-sternal joint

synovial joint

not directly joined the bones have synovial membrane synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid articular capsule and associated connective tissue and ligaments

ex: hip joint shoulder joint knee joint elbow joint

simple joint

two surfaces articulate

ex: joints of the phalanges

compund joint

three or more surfaces articulate

ex: wrist joint

complex joint

two or more surfaces articulate in addition to the presence of an articular disc or meniscus

ex: knee joint

synarthroidal

immovable

ex: suture(cranial bones), gomphosis(teeth fitting into madible or maxilla)

amphiarthrodial

slightly movable

syndesmosis

two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseous membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones

ex:between the tibia/fibula (interosseous membrane)